Table 1.

Summary of Recent Cell-Derived Extracellular Matrix Approaches for Small-Diameter Vascular Grafts

Material	Cells	Maturation Length	Decellularized	Outcomes/Patency	Reference
Fibrin gel	hDFs	2 weeks static and 3 weeks dynamic	Yes	83% at 3 months and 60% at 6 months in baboon model	80
Needle with glue	hSMCs, hDFs, and HUVECs	2 weeks dynamic	No	All grafts patent for 8 weeks in rat model	86
Nanograted PDMS	hMSCs and hEPCs	3 weeks flat, 2 weeks dynamic, and 2 weeks for hEPCs	No	Functional endothelium	78
Nanograted PDMS	hDFs and hMSCs	6 weeks hDFs, 1 week for hMSCs, and 2 weeks dynamic	Yes, after initial 6 weeks	Anisotropic mechanical behavior	77
Agarose mold	hSMCs-only and hMSCs-only	1 week static and 1 week dynamic	No	hSMCs did not retain their contractile phenotype	79
PGA mesh	hiPSC-derived SMCs	8–9 weeks dynamic	No	All grafts patent for 1 and 2 weeks in rat model	84
PGA mesh with fibrinogen-thrombin solution	hiPSC-derived SMCs and ECs	1 week static, 2, 5, or 8 weeks under flow, and ECs for 3 days	No	Supported development of ECM for 9 weeks	85
PGA mesh	hiPSC-derived SMCs	1 week static, 7 weeks dynamic	No	All grafts patent for 4 weeks in rat model	82

ECM, extracellular matrix; PDMS, polydimethylsiloxane; hDF, human dermal fibroblast; PGA, polyglycolic acid; hSMC, human smooth muscle cell; hiPSC, human induced pluripotent stem cell; EC, endothelial cell.