Table 2.

Summary of different reported studies on the presence of MRSA in beach sand in several beaches in USA and South Africa

Sample source	Note	Reference, Time of sample collection
Dry, wet and inundated sand from subtropical beach in Florida, USA	5 MRSA CFU per g of dry sand	[87](08/2009)
Sand samples were collected from 37 Californian beaches	One beach sample tested positive for MRSA	[92] (10/2009)
Sand from 2 beaches; Avalon and Doheny in California, USA.	MRSA was detected in 11 out of 155 sand samples collected over two years	[83] (08/2007)
Public intertidal beach sand and marine water from Washington State, USA	5 MRSA were isolated	[90] (02–09/2008)
Sand from 4 beaches (Avalon, Doheny, and Malibu Surf rider) in California, USA.	MRSA was detected in 10 samples (2.7%), out of 366.	[82] (05–09/2009)
Dry and wet sand from marine water beaches and freshwater beach in the Seattle WA area, USA	MRSA was isolated from one dry sand sample [1.9%; n = 53] and six from wet sand [14%; n = 43]	[91] (06–08/2010)
Sand from Marine Mammal Conservancy beaches, three recreational beaches, a residential beach in Florida, USA	MRSA detected in 7 sand samples out of 11 isolates from environmental samples	[93] (06–08/2011)
Sand samples from subtropical recreational beach from South Florida, USA.	3 out of 36 (8.3%) sand samples were positive for MRSA	[94] (07–08/2009)
Recreational marine sand and fresh water beaches from Seattle, USA.	Thirty-one (10.5%) of the 296 recreational beach samples were positive for MRSA	[88, 2010]
Intertidal beach sand in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa	One out of 67 samples was positive for MRSA	[95] (04/2015-04/2016)
Water and sand from 10 freshwater recreational beaches in Northeast Ohio, USA	MRSA was detected in 15 (7.1%), of 210 samples	[96] (06–11/2014)