Table 2.
Characteristics of small- and medium-sized enterprises’ clinical model, business model, and their digital health tools as extracted from the onboarding forms completed by the small- and medium-sized enterprises, sorted by Clinical area.
| Clinical area and primary function | Description of the technology/service | Intended users | Intended payers | Payment model | Data collected by the tool/service | Data source | Studies conducted | ||
| Geriatrics, cardiology, and respirology | |||||||||
|
|
Active monitoring | ||||||||
|
|
|
SMEa 1 | Active monitoring of vitals for high-risk patients | Patients, physicians, and pharmacists | Patients, public institutions (hospitals and clinics), and physicians | Pay per use | Collects PHIb | Wearable | Self-study |
| Cardiology | |||||||||
|
|
Active monitoring | ||||||||
|
|
|
SME 2 | Active monitoring of vitals for high-risk patients | Patients | Public institutions (hospitals and specialist clinics) and private insurance | One-time purchase, rental fee per user | Collects PHI | Wearable | External evaluation and self-study |
| Cardiology and respirology | |||||||||
|
|
Active monitoring | ||||||||
|
|
|
SME 3 | Active monitoring of vitals for high-risk patients | Physicians, patients, and researchers | Public institutions (hospitals and clinics), private insurance, and contract research organizations | One-time purchase | Collects PHI | Wearable | External evaluation and self-study |
| Dermatology | |||||||||
|
|
Active monitoring | ||||||||
|
|
|
SME 4 | Active monitoring of dermatology | Physicians and nurses | Public institutions (hospitals and clinics) and public/private institutions (home care) | Subscription fee per user | Collects PHI | Images taken by provider | Self-study |
|
|
|
SME 5 | Active monitoring of dermatology | Physicians and nurses | Public institutions (hospitals and clinics) and public/private institutions (home care) | One-time purchase, subscription fee | Collects PHI | Images taken by patient | External evaluation and self-study |
|
|
|
SME 6 | Active monitoring of dermatology | Patients and health care providers | Public/private institutions | One-time purchase, subscription fee | Collects PHI | Patient reported | External evaluation and self-study |
| Mental health | |||||||||
|
|
Active monitoring | ||||||||
|
|
|
SME 7 | Active monitoring of mental health treatment | Therapists and patients | Public institutions (hospitals and primary care clinics), private health institutions (psychotherapy clinics), and private insurance | Subscription fee per user | Collects PHI | Patient reported | Self-study |
|
|
System services | ||||||||
|
|
|
SME 23 | Coordination of web-based therapy appointments | Patients | Patients and private insurance | Pay per use | Collects PHI | Patient reported | Self-study |
| Chronic disease | |||||||||
|
|
Self-manage | ||||||||
|
|
|
SME 8 | Self-management of chronic disease | Patients and researchers | Private insurance and contract research organizations | Subscription fee per user | Collects PHI | Patient reported | External evaluation and self-study |
|
|
|
SME 9 | Self-management of chronic disease | Patients | Patients | Subscription fee | Collects PHI | Wearable | External evaluation and self-study |
|
|
|
SME 10 | Monitoring and managing chronic disease using wearables | Patients | Patients and private insurance | Subscription fee per user | Collects PHI | Wearable | External evaluation and self-study |
|
|
Diagnose | ||||||||
|
|
|
SME 12 | Diagnosis and monitoring of chronic disease | Physicians, nurses, caregivers, and research teams | Patients | Subscription fee per user | Collects PHI | Patient reported | Self-study |
| Nonspecific | |||||||||
|
|
Calculate | ||||||||
|
|
|
SME 11 | Artificial intelligence–based insights into disease patterns | Physicians, nurses, and research teams | Private insurance and contract research organizations | Subscription fee per user | No PHI, de-identified data | Large clinical data sets | Self-study |
|
|
System services | ||||||||
|
|
|
SME 17 | Administrative and clinical workflow optimization | Health care providers and administrators | Public institutions (hospitals and chronic disease agencies) and private insurance | Subscription fee | Collects PHI | EMRc | External evaluation and self-study |
|
|
|
SME 18 | Administrative optimization of clinics | Administrators and patients | Private institutions (pharmacies) and public institutions (primary care clinics) | Revenue-share model | Transmits PHI (does not store or collect) | Patient reported | Self-study |
|
|
|
SME 24 | Capture previsit patient information/send information to optimize clinical workflow | Patients, health care providers, and administrators | Other vendors (white label) and public institutions (hospitals and clinics) | Pay per use | Collects PHI | EMR | Self-study |
|
|
|
SME 25 | Capture previsit patient information/send information to optimize clinical workflow | Patients, physicians, and administrators | Public institutions (hospitals and clinics) | Subscription fee per user | Collects PHI, patient experience survey | EMR, patient reported | External research and self-study |
| Acute disease | |||||||||
|
|
Diagnose | ||||||||
|
|
|
SME 13 | Diagnosis of certain acute diseases | Patients | Patients and private insurance | One-time purchase | No PHI | N/Ad | External evaluation |
| Postacute care | |||||||||
|
|
Inform | ||||||||
|
|
|
SME 14 | Postacute care discharge planning | Patients and caregivers | Public/private institutions (home care) and public institutions (hospitals) | Pay per use | No PHI, patient surveys | Patient reported | Self-study |
| Pharmacy | |||||||||
|
|
System services | ||||||||
|
|
|
SME 15 | Medication management and renewal | Pharmacists, physicians, and patients | Private institutions (pharmacies) and private insurance | Pay per use | Collects PHI | EMR | Self-study |
|
|
|
SME 16 | Medication management, renewal, and symptom tracking | Patients and pharmacists | Private institutions (pharmacies) | Setup fee, subscription fee, pay per use | Views PHI (does not store or collect) | Local pharmacy server | Self-study |
| Primary care | |||||||||
|
|
System services | ||||||||
|
|
|
SME 19 | Administrative optimization of clinics | Administrators, physicians, and patients | Public institutions (primary care clinics and specialist clinics) and private institutions (health and wellness) | Rental fee | Collects PHI | Patient reported | Self-study |
|
|
|
SME 20 | Coordination of home visits | Patients, physicians, and caregivers | Physicians | Subscription fee, pay per use | Collects PHI | Patient reported | Self-study |
| Home care | |||||||||
|
|
System services | ||||||||
|
|
|
SME 21 | Coordination of home care services | Patients and caregivers and personal support workers | Private institutions (home care) | Pay per use | Collects and transmits PHI | Patient reported | Self-study |
| Physiotherapy | |||||||||
|
|
System services | ||||||||
|
|
|
SME 22 | Coordination of home visits | Patients | Patients and private insurance | Pay per use | Collects PHI | Patient reported | Self-study |
aSME: small- and medium-sized enterprise.
bPHI: personal health information.
cEMR: electronic medical record.
dN/A: not applicable.