Figure 1.

The induction of IFNs and the antiviral state they exhibit in bat (P. alecto) cells. dsRNA is detected by either RIG-I/MDA5 or TLRs on endosomes, initiating downstream signaling via MAVS, TRIF, and TRAF3. These adaptors activate the transcription factors IRF3, IRF7, NF-κB, and AP-1 via the assembly of multi-protein complexes. Upon activation, these transcription factors translocate to the nucleus and stimulate the transcription of interferons, such as IFNβ. IFNβ then binds to its cognate receptor complex IFNAR via autocrine and paracrine manners to activate the JAK-STAT pathway. This terminates at the activated ISGF3 transcription factor which in turn, translocates to the nucleus and initiates the transcription of genes in ISRE promoters known as ISGs. ISGs then act in a multitude of ways to establish an antiviral state in the cell against invading pathogens.