Table 1.
Sleep macro and microstructure features in the three groups.
| Features | N | Group | Values (Mean +/– SD) | P-value | post-hoc | Effect size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 24 35 40 |
HC DoA SHE |
28 +/– 7 28 +/– 5 31 +/– 10 |
p = 0.187 | HC vs. DoA: p = 0.950 HC vs. SHE: p = 0.327 DoA vs. SHE: p = 0.227 |
Overall effect size Cohen's f = 0.193 HC vs. DoA: f = 0.000 HC vs. SHE: f = 0.153 DoA vs. SHE: f = 0.171 |
|
F(2, 96) = 1.7063 Partial eta-square = 0.034 |
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| Sex (F/M) | 24 35 40 |
HC DoA SHE |
12/12 12/23 20/20 |
p = 0.323 | HC vs. DoA: p = 0.228 HC vs. SHE: p = 1.000 DoA vs. SHE: p = 0.168 |
Phi, Cramer's V = 0.151 Cohen's w = 0.151 |
| TST (min) | 24 35 40 |
HC DoA SHE |
466 +/ 24 389.92 +/– 56.97 438 +/– 74 |
p < 0.001 | HC vs. DoA: p = 0.000 HC vs. SHE: p = 0.166 DoA vs. SHE: p = 0.0020 |
Overall effect size Cohen's f = 0.539 |
| HC vs. DoA: f = 0.518 HC vs. SHE: f = 0.196 DoA vs. SHE: f = 0.374 |
||||||
|
F(2, 96) = 12.728 Partial eta-square = 0.210 |
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| SE (%) | 24 35 40 |
HC DoA SHE |
93 +/– 5 87.59 +/– 11.59 85 +/– 17 |
p = 0.065 | HC vs. DoA: p = 0.269 HC vs. SHE: p = 0.051 DoA vs. SHE: p = 0.667 |
Overall effect size Cohen's f = 0.255 |
| HC vs. DoA: f = 0.168 HC vs. SHE: f = 0.255 DoA vs. SHE: f = 0.092 |
||||||
|
F(2, 96) = 2.817 Partial eta-square = 0.055 |
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| N1 + N2 (%) | 24 35 40 |
HC DoA SHE |
55 +/– 14 55.03 +/– 8.6 53 +/– 12 |
p = 0.693 | HC vs. DoA: p = 0.939 HC vs. SHE: p = 0.779 DoA vs. SHE: p = 0.726 |
Overall effect size Cohen's f = 0.084 |
| HC vs. DoA: f = 0.001 HC vs. SHE: f = 0.066 DoA vs. SHE: f = 0.075 |
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|
F(2, 96) = 0.368 Partial eta-square = 0.007 |
||||||
| N3 (%) | 24 35 40 |
HC DoA SHE |
20 +/– 13 26.44 +/– 8.55 28 +/– 10 |
p = 0.011 | HC vs. DoA: p = 0.054 HC vs. SHE: p = 0.010 DoA vs. SHE: p= 0.792 |
Overall effect size Cohen's f = 0.299 |
| HC vs. DoA: f=0.229 HC vs. SHE: f=0.292 DoA vs. SHE: f=0.063 |
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|
F(2, 96) = 4.705 Partial eta-square = 0.089 |
||||||
| REM (%) | 24 35 40 |
HC DoA SHE |
25 +/– 5 17.02 +/– 5.2 19 +/– 6 |
p < 0.001 | HC vs. DoA: p = 0.000 HC vs. SHE: p = 0.000 DoA vs. SHE: p = 0.269 |
Overall effect size Cohen's f = 0.570 |
| HC vs. DoA: f = 0.559 HC vs. SHE: f = 0.431 DoA vs. SHE: f = 0.159 |
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|
F(2, 96) = 15.648 Partial eta-square = 0.246 |
||||||
| CAP rate (%) | 24 35 40 |
HC DoA SHE |
32 +/– 5 50.86 +/– 10.24 72 +/– 11 |
p < 0.001 | HC vs. DoA: p = 0.000 HC vs. SHE: p = 0.000 DoA vs. SHE: p = 0.000 |
Overall effect size Cohen's f = 1.733 |
| HC vs. DoA: f = 0.782 HC vs. SHE: f = 1.703 DoA vs. SHE: f = 1.004 |
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|
F(2, 96) = 134.7 Partial eta-square = 0.737 |
||||||
| CAP A1 (%) | 24 35 40 |
HC DoA SHE |
63 +/– 12 59.87 +/– 14.90 56 +/– 17 |
p = 0.193 | HC vs. DoA: p = 0.722 HC vs. SHE: p = 0.180 DoA vs. SHE: p = 0.516 |
Overall effect size Cohen's f = 0.189 |
| HC vs. DoA: f = 0.080 HC vs. SHE: f = 0.184 DoA vs. SHE: f = 0.115 |
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|
F(2, 96) = 1.6702 Partial eta-square = 0.034 |
||||||
| CAP A2 (%) | 24 35 40 |
HC DoA SHE |
21 +/– 8 17.9 +/– 10.35 22 +/– 9 |
p = 0.154 | HC vs. DoA: p = 0.421 HC vs. SHE: p = 0.909 DoA vs. SHE: p = 0.142 |
Overall effect size Cohen's f = 0.199 |
| HC vs. DoA: f = 0.128 HC vs SHE: f = 0.043 DoA vs SHE: f = 0.194 |
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| F(2, 96) = 1.9086 Partial eta-square = 0.038 |
||||||
| CAP A3 (%) | 24 35 40 |
HC DoA SHE |
16 +/– 6 22.25 +/. 13.25 22 +/– 10 |
p = 0.052 | HC vs. DoA: p = 0.071 HC vs. SHE: p = 0.076 DoA vs. SHE: p = 0.994 |
Overall effect size Cohen's f = 0.257 |
| HC vs. DoA: f = 0.233 HC vs. SHE: f = 0.229 DoA vs. SHE: f = 0.011 |
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|
F(2, 96) = 3.0576 Partial eta-square = 0.060 |
DoA, disorder of arousal; SHE, sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy; HC, healthy controls; TST, total sleep time; SE, sleep efficiency. Significant results are marked in bold.
Continuous variables: p-value from one-way Anova with Tukey HSD post-hoc test.
Categorical data: p-value from Pearson's Chi-square test with likelihood-ratio test.
Effect size: according to Jacob Cohen f values of 0.10, 0.25, and 0.40 represent small, medium, and large effect sizes, respectively; partial eta squared is a measure of the proportion of the total variance in a dependent variable that is associated with the membership to different groups. Values of eta-squared of 0.01, 0.06, and 0.14 represent small, medium, and large effect sizes, respectively.