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(A) General structure of anthocyanins and their mechanism of direct and indirect activation of antioxidant protection. (B) In a healthy cell, an example of how anthocyanins can block reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protect the mechanism for production of antioxidant enzymes. Abbreviations: ARE, Antioxidant response element; Nfr2, NF-E2-realted factor-2; RNS, reactive nitrogen species. Adapted from [26].
