Table 2.
Nanoparticles used in drug delivery systems.
| Polymeric Materials | Size (nm) | Route | Antigen | Descriptions | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chitosan | 200 | Intramuscular | ptfA gene of Pasteurella multocida | Elicited significant IgG response in chicken. Conferred partial protective immunity against P. multocida challenge. | [56] |
| Chitosan | 254 | Intra-muscularperitoneal | Bacillus anthracis toxin, protective antigen (PA) | Elicited significant IgG (IgG2a dominantly) response in mice. Conferred ~83% protective rate against B. anthracis challenge. | [57] |
| Chitosan | 228 −399 |
Oculo-nasal | Inactivated bronchitis virus | Elicited significant specific IgA and IgG response in mice. | [58] |
| Chitosan | 300 −350 |
Nasal | Influenza hemagglutinin | Elicited the significant IFN-γ-secreting cells in spleens of mice. Conferred 100% protective rate against influenza virus challenge. | [59] |
| Chitosan | 116.6 | Oral | E. coli O157:H7 recombinant EIT and STX toxin | Elicited significant specific IgA and IgG response in mice. Conferred partial protective immunity against E. coli O157:H7 challenge | [60] |
| PLGA | 300 | Subcutaneously | Leishmania antigens | Elicited significant IgG (IgG2a dominantly) response in mice. Conferred high protective rate against L. infantum challenge. | [61] |
| PLGA | 633 | Intraperitoneal | Bacillus anthracis toxin, PA | Elicited significant IgG response in mice. Conferred partial protective immunity against B. anthracis challenge. | [62] |
| Dendrimer | 500 | Intramuscular | mRNA replicons | Conferred partial protective immunity against influenza virus challenge in mice. | [63] |
| Liposomes | 60 −120 |
Intranasal | Respiratory syncytial virus glycoproteins | Elicited higher levels of interferon-γ and long-term memory in mice. | [64] |
| Liposomes | <200 | Oral | lipid-core peptide | Elicited specific IgA and IgG response in mice. | [65] |
| Liposomes | 220 | Intranasal | Streptococcus Equi antigens | Elicited significant IgA and IgG response in mice. | [66] |
| Liposomes | <200 | Intranasal | Highly conserved B and T cell epitope peptides | Elicited significant IgA response in pig. Conferred partial protective immunity against swine influenza A virus challenge. | [67] |
| Liposomes | 50 /100 /1000 |
Intranasal | Ovalbumin (OVA) | Elicited specific IgA and IgG (IgG1 dominantly) response in mice. | [68] |
| Silica | 150 | Intramuscular | Avian Leukosis Virus gp85 protein | Elicited significant IgG response in chicken. Conferred higher protective immunity against avian leukosis virus challenge. | [69] |
| Silica | <1000 | Intratracheal | H1N1 influenza hemagglutinin antigen | Elicited specific IgA and IgG response in mice. | [70] |
| Inorganic nanoparticles (Gold) | 12 | Intranasal | Ion channel membrane matrix protein 2 | Elicited specific IgG response in mice. Conferred 100% protective rate against influenza virus challenge. | [71] |
| Inorganic nanoparticles (Gold) | <50 | Subcutaneously | EHEC-specific immunogenic antigens | Elicited specific IgA and IgG response in mice. | [72] |