Figure 19.

(a) The formation of mineralized extracellular matrix of hMSCs cultivated on different PEEK-based samples after staining with Alizarin Red S at day 21. Alizarin red dye stained the cells containing calcium deposits in dark red color. (b) Mineralization of hMSCs seeded on both smooth and rough PEEK as well as its composite groups at day 21 using Alizarin Red S assay. ** represents p < 0.01, and # represents p < 0.05 compared with other groups. Reproduced from [164] with permission of Elsevier.