Table 4.

Compressive mechanical properties, in vitro and in vivo animal test results of 3D-printed PEEK-based scaffolds.

Scaffold	Compressive Strength, MPa	Compressive Modulus, GPa	In Vitro Properties	In Vivo Animal Model	Ref.
SHPEEK	N. A.	N. A.	MC3T3-E1 cells adhere & grow on the micropores created by sulfonation. Mineralization of ECM by bone cells	N. A.	[216]
PEEK-20% PGA	82.5	N. A.	MG63 cells adhere on rough surface of scaffold	N. A.	[219]
PEEK-40% PGA	52.5	N. A.	MG63 cells adhere on rough surface of scaffold	N. A.	[219]
PEEK-20% PGA/10% nHA	92.5	3.31	Adding 10% nHA to PEEK-20%PGA increases cell viability and ALP activity of MG63 cells.	N. A.	[220]
PEEK-PVA	10.12	1.22	PVA improves wettability of PEEK by reducing water contact angle to 85.52°.	N. A.	[221]
PEEK-PVA/1%GO	20.13	1.82	Adding 1% GO to PEEK-PVA promotes the adhesion, growth and differentiation of MG63 cells. GO facilitates the dissolution of PVA phase in PBS solution, & further reduces water contact angle to 78.16°.	GO sheets enhance new bone formation in rabbits	[221]
Cancellous bone	2–14	0.44 ± 0.27	N. A.	N. A.	[224,225]