Table 3.
The levels of concentration assessed in the NHDF cells line after exposition to lactones 1–3. The table shows results of the two-way ANOVA analysis between compound, concentration, and simultaneous influence of individual factors on selected oxidative stress markers. The results are shown as mean values ± standard deviation. SC—starting concentration, MTC—minimal toxic concentration. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Statistically significant values are bolded.
| Compounds | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SC | MTC | p Compound |
p Concentration |
p Interaction |
||
| Glutathione S-transferase (GST) (IU/g protein) | Control | 3.6 ± 0.1 | – | – | – | – |
| Lactone 1 | 83.2 ± 0.9 | 13.7 ± 1.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Lactone 2 | 24.2 ± 0.5 | 13.3 ± 0.4 | ||||
| Lactone 3 | 11.0 ± 0.8 | 6.2 ± 0.9 | ||||
| Control | 0.9 ± 0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Catalase CAT (IU/g protein) | Lactone 1 | 152.1 ± 1.8 | 12.1 ± 0.1 | |||
| Lactone 2 | 12.0 ± 0.8 | 7.2 ± 1.4 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Lactone 3 | 5.6 ± 1.0 | 2.7 ± 0.3 | ||||
| Control | 2.1 ± 0.2 | – | – | – | – | |
| GPx (IU/g protein) | Lactone 1 | 154.9 ± 0.2 | 12.9 ± 1.0 | |||
| Lactone 2 | 77.3 ± 1.6 | 21.7 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Lactone 3 | 11.2 ± 1.1 | 9.0 ± 1.1 | ||||
| Control | 4.7 ± 0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Total SOD (NU/mg protein) | Lactone 1 | 82.9 ± 0.1 | 16.4 ± 0.8 | |||
| Lactone 2 | 12.9 ± 0.2 | 4.6 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Lactone 3 | 3.8 ± 0.5 | 2.6 ± 0.2 | ||||
| Control | 4.3 ± 0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| MnSOD (NU/mg protein) | Lactone 1 | 52.9 ± 1.8 | 7.6 ± 0.9 | |||
| Lactone 2 | 8.3 ± 0.4 | 1.7 ± 0.6 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Lactone 3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | ||||
| CuZnSOD (NU/mg protein) | Control | 0.5 ± 0.1 | – | |||
| Lactone 1 | 30.0 ± 1.8 | 8.8 ± 1.0 | ||||
| Lactone 2 | 4.5 ± 0.4 | 3.0 ± 0.5 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Lactone 3 | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | ||||
| TAC (μmol/g protein) | Control | 70.1 ± 0.1 | – | – | – | – |
| Lactone 1 | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 36.0 ± 0.8 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Lactone 2 | 21.1 ± 0.6 | 32.5 ± 1.14 | ||||
| Lactone 3 | 38.7 ± 1.4 | 44.7 ± 2.8 | ||||
| TOS (μmol/g protein) | Control | 31.6 ± 4.4 | – | – | – | – |
| Lactone 1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Lactone 2 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | ||||
| Lactone 3 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.3 | ||||
| MDA (μmol/g protein) | Control | 0.5 ± 0.1 | – | – | – | – |
| Lactone 1 | 6.4 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Lactone 2 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | ||||
| Lactone 3 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | ||||
glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total superoxide dismutase (SOD), Mn-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), copper–zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), malondialdehyde (MDA).