Table 3.
Clinical studies and the effect of probiotic administration on human health.
| Probiotic Microorganisms | Reported Specific Benefits in Indicated References | References |
|---|---|---|
| Overweight and Obesity | ||
| Enterococcus faecium, Streptococcus thermophilus | Reduction in body weight, systolic Blood Pressure LDL-C (Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol) and increase in fibrinogen levels. | [63] |
| Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 | Significant decrease in body mass index (BMI), waist, abdominal Visceral Fat Area (VFA) and hip circumference. | [64] |
| Lactobacillus salivarius Ls-33 | Increase in the ratios of Bacteroides, Prevotellae and Porphyromonas. | [65] |
| Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 | Decrease in BMI and arterial blood pressure values. | [66] |
| Lactobacillus plantarum | Reduction in BMI and arterial blood pressure levels. | [67] |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus La5, Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12, Lactobacillus casei DN001 | Drastic modifications in gene expression in PBMCs as well as BMI, fat percentage and leptin values. | [68,69,70] |
| Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus thermophilus | Improvement in lipid profile, insulin sensitivity, and decrease in CRP (C-reactive protein). | [71] |
| Lactobacillus paracasei N19 | No effects have been noticed. | [72] |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus La5, Bifidobacterium animalis Bb12 | Significant drop in fasting glucose concentration and increase in HOMA-IR (Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance). | [73] |
| Type-2 diabetes and Dyslipidemia | ||
| Lactobacillus acidophilus La5, Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 | Total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-C improvement. | [74] |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus La5, Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 | Decreased fasting blood glucose and antioxidant status. | [75] |
| Bifidobacterium animalis DSMZ 23733, Bifidobacterium breve DSMZ 23732 | Reduction of total cholesterol (TC). | [76] |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5, Bifidobacterium animalis BB-12 | Improved HDL-C levels and reduced LDL-C/HDL-C ratio. | [77] |
| Lactobacillus plantarum A7 | Decreased methylation process, SOD (superoxide dismutase). | [78] |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5, Lactobacillus animalis BB-12 | Significant difference between groups concerning mean changes of HbA1c, TC, and LDL-C. | [79] |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB | Reduced LDL-C (Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol) levels. | [80] |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus | A significant reduction was found in LDL. | [81] |
| Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 | Reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 11.64% and total cholesterol by 9.14% in hypercholesterolemic adults | [82] |
| Various strains of LAB | Control of blood cholesterol-Hypocholesterolemia-effect and hyperlipidemia | [83] |
| Weissella koreensis | Significant anti-obesity effect | [84] |
| Constipation | ||
| Bifidobacterium animalis DN-173 010, Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 Lactobacillus casei Lcr35 | Treatment of functional constipation in adults. | [85] |
| Bifidobacterium lactis | Improvement of the whole gut transit time, stool frequency, and stool consistency. | [86] |
| Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, BB-12(R) | Manage symptoms of occasional constipation | [87] |
| Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea, Diarrheas, Colic, Ulcerative colitis | ||
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces boulardii | Reduction of diarrhea rates in children receiving probiotic yeast (7.5%) compared to those receiving placebo (23%). | [88] |
| Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 | Elimination of pain and symptoms in direct association with intestinal colic. | [89] |
| Probiotic VSL#3 | Remission in 42.9% of patients in the probiotic group versus 15.7% in the placebo group. | [90] |
| Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 | Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. | [91] |
| Bifidobacterium longum CMCC P0001 | Treatment of gastro-intestinal disorders. | [92] |
| Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium | Reduction of the incidence of severe necrotizing enterocolitis by 57% and the risk of mortality by 35%. | [93] |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Saccharomyces boulardii | A protective role in preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea after intake of 5011 CFU/day. | [94] |
| Lactobacillus GG | Probiotics may decrease duration of acute diarrhoea in infants and children by ~1 day | [95] |
| Bacillus licheniformis | Reduce the effect of antibiotics use in treatment of diarrhea and can detoxify aflatoxin B1up to 94.7% in food matrixes. | [96] |
| Bacillus clausii | Treatment of acute diarrhea in children | [97] |
| Lactobacillus reuteri | Reduced crying time by an average of 25.4 min per day and Treat colic in breastfed infants | [98] |
| Bacillus clausii UBBC-07 | Reduced severity of diarrhea in children under 5 years of age | [99] |
| Alleviation of lactose intolerance | ||
| Streptococcus lactis, Streptococcus plantarum, Streptococcus cremoris, Streptococcus casei, Streptococcus diacetylactis, Streptococcus florentinus, Streptococcus cremoris | Improved lactose digestion and tolerance. | [100] |
| Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus | Consumption of live yogurt cultures in yogurt improves the digestion of lactose present in yogurt in individuals with lactose maldigestion. Yogurt should contain at least 108 CFU live probiotic strains per gram | [101] |
| Bifidobacterium animalis DSM 26137 and Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 26329 | Significant reduction of diarrhea frequency and flatulence. | [102] |
| Allergic Rhinitis | ||
| Streptococcus paracasei-33 | Clinical improvements in nasal blockage, rhinorrhea, and nasal itching. | [103] |
| Lactobacillus paracasei-33 | Significant evidence of beneficial clinical and immunologic effects of probiotics in the treatment of seasonal Allergic Rhinitis. | [104] |
| Blood Pressure | ||
| Various strains of Lactobacillus sp. | Regulation of blood pressure. | [105] |
| Lactobacillus helveticus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Reduction of hypertension effects | [106] |
| Atopic Dermatitis | ||
| Lactobacillus fermentum VRI 033 PCC™ | Reduction in SCORAD (SCORing Atopic Dermatitis). | [107] |
| Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis | Important decrease in the sternness of atopic dermatitis with an improvement in the ration of IFN- and IL-10. | [108] |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 | Substantially reduced the cumulative prevalence of eczema in infants | [109] |
| Cancer and side effects associated with cancer | ||
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus 573 | Patients had less abdominal discomfort, with less hospital care and fewer chemo dose reductions. | [110] |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum | Reduction in incidence of diarrhea and better stool consistency. | [111] |
| Lactobacillus plantarum CGMCC 1258, Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-11, Bifidobacterium longum BL-88 | Significant improvement in the integrity of gut mucosal barrier and reduction in infections complications. | [112] |
| Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS) | Significant evidence of cancer preventing particularly colorectal cancer. | [113] |
| Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 | Significant in vivo anti-proliferative effects accompanied by apoptotic cell death in colon carcinoma cells. | [114] |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. | Inhibit growth of tumor cell, produce anti-carcinogens and reduces cancer risks | [115] |
| Lactobacillus paracasei | Anticancer activity | [116] |
| Bacterial Vaginosis | ||
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus | The vaginal administration of the probiotic strain leads to stabilization of the vaginal flora with obvious reduction of bacterial vaginosis recurrence. | [117] |
| Lactobacillus gasseri LN40, Lactobacillus fermentum LN99, Lactobacillus casei LN113, Pediococcus acidilactici LN23 | Strain LN is characterized by a high colonial rate in the vagina bacterial vaginosis, patients and women receiving LN strain were totally cured 2–3 days after administration. | [118] |
| Lactobacillus acidophilus La-14® and Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001® | The addition of a combination of the probiotic strains La-14® and HN001® alongside bovine lactoferrin to antibiotic treatment, was shown to significantly improve symptoms of BV. It also decreased the recurrence rate, as compared with antibiotic treatment alone. | [119] |
| Lactobacillus crispatus CTV-05 | The administration of 2 billion CFU of L. crispatus CTV-05 to 228 premenopausal women with recurrent BV using a vaginal applicator daily for 24 weeks led to 30% of recurrence of BV in the intervention group compared with 45% of the placebo group | [120] |
| Depression, Anxiety and Mental disorders | ||
| Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 Bifidobacterium longum R0175 | Probiotic supplementation reduced aggressive and ruminative thoughts in response to sad mood. | [121] |
| Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium | Beneficial effects on mental health and mood. | [33] |