Figure 2.

Upregulation of critical immunomodulatory factors in TMSCs by TNF-α priming. TMSCs obtained from five different individuals were primed with 20 ng/mL of IFN-γ or TNF-α or both for 24 h, and (A) the level of COX-2 mRNA expression and (B) the secretion of PGE₂ in cell culture supernatants were determined by real-time RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively, compared to the naïve TMSCs. All data are shown as mean ± S.D. p-value = *** < 0.001.