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. 2020 Nov 25;13(12):423. doi: 10.3390/ph13120423

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic representation of the paracrine effects of exosomes derived from DPSCs in angiogenesis, osteogenic differentiation and CD4+ cells alternative differentiation. Jagged1 overexpression in hypoxic DPSCs-derived exosomes antagonizes Dll4 in Notch binding, promoting angiogenesis and increasing the number of tip cells (A). Exosomes derived from DPSCs induce osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs and BMSCs (B) and induce Treg differentiation of CD4+ cells (C). : overexpression; : inhibition of Th17 differentiation; all the other arrows indicate the direction of the flow. BMSCs: bone marrow stem cells; CD4+: positive for CD4 expression; DPSCs: dental pulp stem cells; IL-17: interleukin-17; IL-10: interleukin-10; TGF-β: transforming growth factor β; Th17: T helper 17 cells; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; Treg: regulatory T cells. See text for explanation [113,114].

Inline graphic — Schematic representation of the paracrine effects of exosomes derived from DPSCs in angiogenesis, osteogenic differentiation and CD4+ cells alternative differentiation. Jagged1 overexpression in hypoxic DPSCs-derived exosomes antagonizes Dll4 in Notch binding, promoting angiogenesis and increasing the number of tip cells (A). Exosomes derived from DPSCs induce osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs and BMSCs (B) and induce Treg differentiation of CD4+ cells (C). : overexpression; : inhibition of Th17 differentiation; all the other arrows indicate the direction of the flow. BMSCs: bone marrow stem cells; CD4+: positive for CD4 expression; DPSCs: dental pulp stem cells; IL-17: interleukin-17; IL-10: interleukin-10; TGF-β: transforming growth factor β; Th17: T helper 17 cells; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; Treg: regulatory T cells. See text for explanation [113,114].