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Summarizing schematic showing that mitochondria as well as xanthine oxidase (XO) and NAHPH oxidase (NOX) differently contribute to the neurotransmitter-mediated oxidizing responses. In the case of glutamate, massive Ca2+ influx mediates a downstream activation of XO and NOX. In contrast, in the case of dopamine stimulation, which only mediates moderate Ca2+ transients, mitochondria as well as NOX were identified as the main mediators of the oxidizing cellular responses.
