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Overview of application routes for intracranial drug delivery in epilepsies resistant to systemically administered antiseizure drugs. Drugs can be delivered to the brain, aiming to target the seizure focus directly (intraparenchymal route) or indirectly (intracerebroventricular, icv, and transmeningeal route). Furthermore, drugs can be targeted directly (intraparenchymal route) to epileptic network structures remote to the seizure focus, such as basal ganglia or thalamic regions.
