Table 8.
Biomaterial passport: collagens.
| Scientific Name | Collagens |
|---|---|
| Chemical structure, MW |
|
| Collagens belong to a superfamily of extracellular matrix structural proteins that are formed by a triple helix of three protein chains wrapped around each other [246,247]. Marine collagens resemble those of mammals, but their amino acid composition was shown to be much more diverse [230,231,248,249,250] MW of marine collagens, i.e., cod is about 300 kDa [251]. | |
| Physicochemical properties | Marine fish collagens are characterized by a high solubility in water upon heating, which was reported to be higher for warm-water fish species [230,252]. Incubation of collagen with thrombin results in the hydrolysis of peptide bonds and the formation of scaffolds in the form of hydrogel with a range of elasticity, transparency, and density parameters [251]. Upon heat denaturation collagen from fish, i.e., shark undergoes hydrolysis yielding gelatin [253]. |
| Collagen extraction/Physical form after extraction | Marine collagens, predominantly type I collagen, can be isolated from marine invertebrates (sponges, jellyfish, cephalopods, echinoderms) and marine vertebrates (fish) [176,254,255]. The raw materials for fish collagen isolation include skin, scale, fins, backbone, swimbladder, wing muscles of skate, shark placoid-scale dentine [230,254]. Marine collagen is extracted via (i) decellularization using physical methods involving freezing and disruption of cells; (ii) chemical methods based on variable reagents, i.e., acids, alkalis, chelating agents, detergents, solutions of high osmolarity; (iii) enzymatic treatments. Usually, these methods are combined [230,255]. From jellyfish, it is extracted from mesoglea via solubilization in acetic acid solution [256]. The protocols for collagen extraction from sponges were reported [255,257,258]. Upon extraction, collagen or its composites have the physical form of sheets, flakes, powder, gel, particles, fibers, film, etc. [259]. |
| Biomaterials properties (biocompatibility, biodegradability, toxicity, immune responses) | Marine collagens were shown to be biocompatible, biodegradable, non-toxic, and of weak antigenicity [255,260,261,262,263,264]. The mechanical properties of marine fish collagens can be improved by ultraviolet irradiation, gamma irradiation, dehydrothermal treatment, chemical treatment including glutaraldehyde, carbodiimide,1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl)-carbodiimide [252,262,265] as well as incorporation of other biopolymers such chitosan, alginate, and pectin [266,267]. Unique collagen mechanical properties were reported for Chondrosia reniformis demosponge. It allows the species to creep and withstand compression [231]. |
| Market situation (world market reports) | The global market for marine collagen has been steadily growing over the last years. While in 2018 it was estimated to be worth of USD 620.3 million, it is predicted to reach USD 897.5 by 2023 [268]. Primarily, marine collagen market is predicted to grow in China, India, and Brazil [268]. |
| Patents | Currently, about several thousands of patents on marine collagen extraction, purification, modification, removing odor, improving mechanical properties and applications exist. |
| For search, use: https://patents.google.com/ | |
| Selected examples: | |
| US20060135752A1. Method of obtaining biologically active collagen from skins of the salmonidae fish | |
| DE102005041414A1. Glass sponge collagen obtained by gradually corroding glass sponge basal spicule in alkaline solution; dialyzing the obtained extract and subsequently lyophilizing, useful for the production of e.g., biological material and bullets | |
| DE102013014417A1. Sponge collagen comprehensive preparations with defined in vivo release profile especially in the colon, their production and use | |
| TWI487711B. A extraction method of collagen from tuna and product thereof | |
| KR101640801B1. Collagen extraction from aquatic animals | |
| WO2015012682A2. A method for extracting collagen from aquatic animals, collagen and products containing it | |
| JP4236850B2. Method for producing fish-derived collagen peptide, and food and drink and cosmetics containing fish-derived collagen peptide obtained by the method | |
| EP0592586B1. Use of unpigmented fish skin, particularly from flat fish, as a novel industrial source of collagen, extraction method, and collagen and biomaterial thereby obtained | |
| CN1582771B. Production of collagen peptide from fish skins | |
| US9591853B2. Jellyfish-derived polymer | |
| EP2889305A1. Method for fractionally extracting mucin and collagen | |
| WO2009090655A2. Colloidal collagen burn wound dressing produced from jellyfish | |
| US5714582A. Bioscience Consultants Invertebrate type V telopeptide collagen, methods of making, and use thereof | |
| JP2007504100A. Medical and insurance use of pufferfish type I collagen extract and method for producing the extract | |
| KR100381741B1. Collagen product containing collagen of marine origin with a low odor and with improved mechanical properties, and its use in the form of cosmetic or pharmaceutical compositions or products |