Table 9.
Biomaterial passport: gelatin.
| Scientific Name | Gelatin |
|---|---|
| Chemical structure, MW | (C102H151O39N31), the amino acid sequence of gelatin depends on its source and is similar to that of collagen, comprising of repeating sequences of Gly-X-Y triplets, where X and Y are represented by mostly proline and hydroxyproline, respectively. The average MW is in the range of 40 to 700 kDa [292,293]. |
| Physicochemical properties | Gelatin properties vary in a broad spectrum, depending on the material used, pretreatment method, extraction process parameters and its intensity. Reported pH values span from 2.98 to 4.38; isoelectric point for acid-processed gelatins is in the pH range of 6.0–9.5, while for alkali-processed gelatins it falls between the pH of 4.8 and 5.2, moisture content is in the range of 9–14% [292,293]. |
| Fish gelatin extraction/Physical form after extraction | Gelatin extraction was reported from various marine species, i.e., fish species [256,294], sponges [295], jellyfish [296] and other marine organisms such as squids [297] and snails [298]. The processing with alkaline or acidic media in elevated temperatures yields gelatin in the form of granulates or powders [292,293]. |
| Biomaterials properties (biocompatibility, biodegradability, toxicity, immune responses) | Fish gelatin is considered to be biodegradable, non-immunogenic and biocompatible [299,300,301]. It does not display toxicity or carcinogenicity and has very poor mechanical properties, dependent on the source type (cold/warm fish) or experimental conditions; e.g., tensile strength varies from 36.8 MPa for the cold-water pollock derived gelatin to 95.5 MPa for the catfish [302]. |
| Market situation (world market reports) |
Production of fish gelatin is still quite small, contributing only to ca. 1% of the global gelatin market [292,293]. |
| Patents | Currently, about several hundreds of patents on utilization of fish gelatin in food and pharmaceutical industry as components of packaging systems or drug delivery, medicine and cosmetics are available. |
| For search, use: https://patents.google.com/ | |
| Selected examples: | |
| US20030022832A1. Method for the production of gelatin of marine origin and product thus obtained | |
| JP4738005B2. Fish skin pretreatment method | |
| JP6265350B2. Extraction method of collagen and gelatin | |
| TWI487711B. A extraction method of collagen from tuna and product thereof | |
| US6368656B1. Process for the preparation of fish gelatin | |
| WO2017216780A1. Gelatin polymer derived from natural sources of cold-adapted marine species and uses thereof | |
| WO2012160575A2. Method of producing gelatin from fish | |
| US5093474A. Process for the production of gelatin from fish skins | |
| US20050124034A1. Method for producing fish gelatin peptide | |
| CN104605006A. Freeze-drying method for swim bladder | |
| WO2019022623A1. Process for producing gelatin from fish skin by optimisation of the extraction conditions | |
| US2048728A. Process for making a clear fish glue or fish gelatin solution | |
| CN102702984A. Process for industrially producing fishskin gelatin | |
| GB2377708A. Improved alkaline process for preparing type B fish gelatin | |
| US5484888A. Gelatin production |