Table 1.

Diverse CNC-based delivery systems with specific modification agents, carrier forms, model drugs, and potential applications.

Co-Carrier	Modification Agent	Carrier Form	Model Drug	Possible Application	Ref.
Sodium alginate	CaCl2, EPTMAC, PEI	Hydrogel	Ceftazidime hydrate and epidermal growth factor human	Codelivery of drugs in the oral administration and wound dressing	[99]
Cyclodextrin	-	Complexes	Curcumin	Anticancer drug delivery systems	[100]
Quaternized cellulose	CHPTAC, β-GP	Hydrogel	Doxorubicin	Localized and sustained drug delivery depot systems for anticancer therapy	[101]
-	APTES, PPI-dendrimer, FA	Lyophilized NPs	Doxorubicin	Delivery of anticancer drug	[102]
-	Aln, ApA	Dispersion	--	Bone therapied and theranostics	[103]
Sodium alginate	-	Hydrogel	Ibuprofen	Drug carrier	[104]
PVA	-	Hydrogel lenses	Chitosan–poly(acrylic acid) NPs	Ophthalmic use as a drug carrier and as cornea regeneration implant	[105]
-	PVP	Film	Honey	Wound dressing for the treatment of chronic wounds	[106]
-	CTAB	Suspension	Curcumin	Drug carrier for hydrophobic drugs	[107]
-	PVA	Film	Curcumin	Antimicrobial drug delivery in a diabetic wound dressing	[108]
Chitosan	Tween 20, GA	Hydrogel	Curcumin	Drug delivery of curcumin	[110]
-	Tween 20	Solution	Curcumin	Delivery of curcumin to the stomach and upper intestinal tract	[111]
FO and PEI	-	Lyophilized hybrids	Doxorubicin	Layer-by-layer assembly with lysosomal pH-controlled drug release into the nucleus	[112]
PCL	-	Nanofibers	Tetracycline	Drug delivery system	[113]

CaCl₂—calcium chloride, EPTMAC—2,3-epoxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride, PEI—polyethylenimine, CHPTAC—3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride, β-GP—β-glycerophosphate, PPI-dendrimer—poly(propylene imine) dendrimer, APTES—(3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane, FA—folic acid, Aln—sodium alendronate, ApA—3-aminoropylphosphoric acid, PVA—polyvinyl alcohol, PVP—polyvinylpyrrolidone, CTAB—cetyl trimethylammonium bromide, GA—glutaraldehyde, FO—folate, PCL—poly(ε-caprolactone).