Table 1.
Birds species tested by ELISA (enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay) and for ELISA-positive samples by MNT (microneutralization tests) for West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV).
| Avian Species | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species | Species | Collection | Nb of | MNT Antibodies Titer | |||
| (English Name) | (Scientific Name) | Date | Specimens | cElisa | USUV | WNV | Conclusion |
| Orange-winged amazon | Amazona amazonica | 2016–2018 | 8 | 1 | Neg | 10 | 1/8 WNV |
| Brazilian teal | Amazonetta brasiliensis | 2016–2018 | 6 | 0 | Neg | Neg | Neg |
| Buffon’s macaw | Ara macao | 2016–2018 | 2 | 0 | Neg | Neg | Neg |
| Great green macaw | Ara ambiguus | 2016–2018 | 4 | 0 | Neg | Neg | Neg |
| White-winged duck | Asarcornis scutulata | 2016 | 2 | 0 | Neg | Neg | Neg |
| Abyssinian ground hornbill | Bucorvus abyssinicus | 2016–2018 | 5 | 1 | 640 | 20 | 1/5 USUV |
| Greater vasa parrot | Coracopsis vasa | 2019 | 2 | 0 | Neg | Neg | Neg |
| Southern screamer | Chauna torquata | 2016–2018 | 2 | 0 | Neg | Neg | Neg |
| White-faced whistling duck | Dendrocygna viduata | 2016–2018 | 1 | 0 | Neg | Neg | Neg |
| Emu | Dromaius novaehollandiae | 2016–2018 | 5 | 2 | 160 | 20 | 2/5 USUV |
| Scarlet ibis | Eudocimus ruber | 2016–2018 | 38 | 1 | 640 | 10 | 1/38 USUV |
| Brahma chicken | Gallus domesticus brahma | 2016 | 4 | 0 | Neg | Neg | Neg |
| Marabou stork | Leptoptilos crumenifer | 2016–2018 | 3 | 1 | 10 | 40 | 1/3 WNV |
| Blue-crowned motmot | Momotus momota | 2019 | 1 | 0 | Neg | Neg | Neg |
| Common peafowl | Pavo cristatus | 2016–2018 | 24 | 6 | 10 | Neg | 6/24 USUV |
| 10 | Neg | ||||||
| 10 | Neg | ||||||
| 20 | Neg | ||||||
| 40 | Neg | ||||||
| 40 | Neg | ||||||
| Grey-winged trumpeter | Psophia crepitans | 2019 | 2 | 0 | Neg | Neg | Neg |
| Greater rhea | Rhea americana | 2016–2018 | 21 | 10 | 640 | 10 | 10/21 USUV |
| 640 | Neg | ||||||
| 320 | 10 | ||||||
| 640 | 10 | ||||||
| 320 | Neg | ||||||
| 320 | Neg | ||||||
| 640 | 10 | ||||||
| 640 | 10 | ||||||
| 40 | 10 | ||||||
| 20 | Neg | ||||||
| African comb duck | Sarkidiornis melanotos | 2016–2018 | 3 | 0 | Neg | Neg | Neg |
| Common ostrich | Struthio camelus | 200–20016 | 3 | 1 | Neg | Neg | Other flavivirus |
| Red-crested turaco | Tauraco erythrolophus | 2015 | 1 | 0 | Neg | Neg | |
Legend: In seropositive birds, titers for USUV and WNV are indicated. Titer was considered specific when MNT titer was at least fourfold higher against one virus compared to the other.