T2DM	type 2 diabetes mellitus
IR	insulin resistance
GM	gut microbiota
SCFAs	short chain fatty acids
TMAO	trimethylamine N-oxide
GLP-1	glucagonlike peptide-1
LPS	lipopolyscaccharide
MR	Mendelian randomization
PG	peptidoglycan
TLR-4	toll-like receptor-4
GPR	G-protein-coupled receptors
BAs	bile acids
CDCA	chenodeoxycholic acid
CA	cholic acid
DCA	deoxycholic acid
LCA	lithocholic acid
FXR	farnesoid X receptor
TMA	trimethylamine
FMO3	flavin monooxygenase 3
TMAO	trimethylamine oxide
VLDL	very-low-density lipoproteins
HOMA-IR	homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance
BCAAs	Branched chain amino acids
IPA	3-Indolepropionic acid
H2S	Hydrogen Sulfide
Th17/Treg	T helper 17/regulatory T cell
GALT	gut-associated lymphoid tissues
NK	natural killer
ILCs	The Innate Lymphoid Cells
STAT4	signal transducer and activator of transcription 4
DR	Diabetic retinopathy
TUDCA	taurochenodeoxycholate
DPN	distal polyneuropathy
DM	diabetes mellitus
GI	gastrointestinal
ENS	enteric nervous system
VN	vagus nerve
RNA	ribonucleic acid
DANN	deoxyribonucleic acid
GF	germ-free
MeCP2	methyl CpG binding protein
RTT	Rett syndrome
HFD	high fat diet
NO	nitric oxide
nNOS	neuronal nitric oxide synthase
DKD	diabetic kidney disease
CKD	chronic kidney disease
RAS	renin-angiotensin system
DN	diabetic nephropathy
Olfr78	olfactory receptor Olfr78
PS	phenyl sulfate
SP	severe proteinuria
MP	mild proteinuria
CCP	cordyceps cicadae polysaccharides
TGF-β1	transforming growth factor-beta 1
FMT	fecal microbiota transplantation
BHID	Bekhogainsam decoction
JSD	Jowiseungki decoction
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase