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. 2020 Nov 30;11(12):1059. doi: 10.3390/mi11121059

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a) Diagram of the experimental setup for the rGO-based microfluidic optical sensor. (b) The flow chart of the preparation for microfluidic optical sensing chips. (c) The weak RI variation of the solution corresponds to the pressure provided by ultrasound. (d) The optimized RI changes the detection of water. (e) The relationship between the liquid level in the catheter and the voltage signal response. Reproduced from [98] with the permission from Frontiers Media S.A. (f) The voltage-time signal collected from the video, the illustration shows the voltage-time signal between 135 and 140 s. The voltage and time signals corresponding to the liquid being pumped at higher (g) and lower (h) speeds, respectively. Reproduced from [99] with the permission from The Optical Society.