Table 1.
Characteristics of the mothers and offspring (up to two years of age) of the intervention and control groups in the ROLO cohort.
| Total | Intervention | Control | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal Characteristics | n | Mean/Median | SD/IQR | n | Mean/Median | SD/IQR | n | Mean/Median | SD/IQR | p |
| Maternal age at birth (mean, SD, years) | 63 | 33.07 | 3.66 | 31 | 32.88 | 3.99 | 32 | 31.79 | 7.91 | 0.697 |
| Gestational age at booking visit (mean, SD, weeks) | 63 | 13.00 | 2.34 | 31 | 13.23 | 2.45 | 32 | 12.78 | 2.24 | 0.454 |
| Maternal weight in early pregnancy (median, IQR, kg) | 63 | 68.5 | 8.8 | 31 | 69.6 | 10.7 | 32 | 66.2 | 9.38 | 0.375 |
| Maternal BMI in early pregnancy (mean, SD, cm) | 63 | 25.75 | 4.05 | 31 | 25.74 | 3.46 | 32 | 25.77 | 4.61 | 0.979 |
| Maternal smoking in pregnancy (n (%)) | 63 | 1 (1.6) | 31 | 1 (3.2) | 32 | 0 (0) | 0.987 | |||
| Maternal ethnicity: Caucasian (n (%)) | 63 | 61 (96.8) | 31 | 30 (96.8) | 32 | 31 (96.9) | 0.37 | |||
| Education higher level (n (%)) | 59 | 34 (57.6) | 29 | 18 (58.1) | 30 | 16 (53.3) | 0.678 | |||
| Trimester 1 GI (mean, SD) | 60 | 58.07 | 4.48 | 30 | 57.67 | 4.6 | 30 | 58.46 | 4.41 | 0.497 |
| Trimester 2 GI (mean, SD) | 60 | 56.57 | 3.38 | 30 | 55.58 | 3.05 | 30 | 57.56 | 3.46 | 0.022 * |
| Trimester 3 GI (mean, SD) | 60 | 56.92 | 4.27 | 30 | 55.57 | 3.88 | 30 | 58.26 | 4.27 | 0.013 * |
| Child Characteristics | Mean/Median | SD/IQR | Mean/Median | SD/IQR | Mean/Median | SD/IQR | p | |||
| Sex: male (n (%)) | 63 | 32 (50.8) | 31 | 16 (51.6) | 32 | 16 (50) | 1 | |||
| Birth weight (mean, SD, kg) | 63 | 4.06 | 0.47 | 31 | 4.14 | 0.52 | 32 | 3.98 | 0.41 | 0.173 |
| Birth weight centile (median, IQR) | 63 | 79.55 | 33.43 | 31 | 82.75 | 34.18 | 32 | 76.15 | 34.23 | 0.379 |
| Gestational age (median, IQR, weeks) | 63 | 40.57 | 1.57 | 31 | 40.43 | 1.57 | 32 | 40.714 | 2.18 | 0.94 |
| Breastfed (n (%)) | 39 | 27 (69.2) | 20 | 16 (80) | 19 | 11 (57.9) | 0.251 | |||
| Six Month Follow-Up | ||||||||||
| Weight (mean, SD, kg) | 50 | 8.57 | 1.27 | 23 | 9.03 | 1.49 | 27 | 8.19 | 0.91 | 0.024 * |
| Weight centile (median, IQR) | 50 | 72.5 | 39.25 | 23 | 84 | 46 | 27 | 67 | 54 | 0.078 |
| BMI centile (median, IQR) | 50 | 51 | 57.25 | 23 | 74 | 62 | 27 | 40 | 50 | 0.016 * |
| Two Year Follow-Up | ||||||||||
| Weight (mean, SD, kg) | 56 | 13.15 | 1.37 | 29 | 13.4 | 1.48 | 27 | 12.92 | 1.22 | 0.216 |
| Weight centile (median, IQR) | 56 | 67 | 44 | 29 | 77 | 48.5 | 27 | 63 | 41 | 0.298 |
| BMI centile (median, IQR) | 56 | 41.5 | 48.5 | 29 | 56 | 66 | 27 | 38 | 32 | 0.275 |
Normally distributed data are given as mean and SD, and non-normally distributed data are given as median and IQR. BMI: body mass index; GI: glycemic index; SD: standard deviation; SDS: Standard deviation scores; IQR: interquartile range. Statistical comparisons done by Student’s t-test, Mann–Whitney U, or chi-square tests. * Significant at p < 0.05.