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Degradation of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters in palm olein (POo) added with polyglycerol fatty acid esters (PGE) during repeated frying. The 3-MCPD esters for frying times between day 2 and day 5 can be referred to in the magnified section to improve clarity. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to indicate the significant difference between the control experiment (POo without PGE) and each frying interval (p < 0.05), as shown by different lowercase letters [102].
