Table 1.
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of different metal(loid)-based antibiotics (MBAs) for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
| MBAs | E. coli | S. aureus | P. aeruginosa | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MHB | LB | SWF | MHB | LB | SWF | MHB | LB | SWF | ||
|
MIC
Mode (range) (mM) |
Ag |
0.015
(0.015–0.65) |
0.125 (0.03–0.125) |
0.125 (0.065–0.25) |
0.03
(0.03–0.125) |
0.125 (0.125–0.25) | 0.125 (0.06–0.25) |
0.03 (0.015–0.065) |
0.125 (0.06–0.125) |
0.125 (0.15–0.25) |
| Cu | 8 (4–16) |
4 (4–16) |
1 (1–4) |
8 (4–8) |
8 (4–16) |
2 (1–4) |
8 (4–32) |
8 (4–16) |
4 (2–4) |
|
| Ga * | 8 (4–16) |
8 (8–32) |
2 (2–4) |
8 (4–32) |
12.5 (12.5–25) |
25 (6.25–25) |
0.8 (0.4–1.6) |
0.8 (0.4–1.6) |
4 (2–4) |
|
| Zn | 2 (1–4) |
2 (1–2) |
2 (1–4) |
4 (1–4) |
2 (1–4) |
2 (1–4) |
8 (4–16) |
8 (4–8) |
8 (4–16) |
|
| Te | 0.25 (0.015–0.25) |
0.015
(0.015–0.65) |
0.25 (0.125–0.25) |
6.25 (1.6–12.5) |
0.2 (0.2–1.6) |
50< | 0.06 (0.06–0.012) |
0.015
(0.015–0.65) |
0.25 (0.03–0.25) |
|
| Se | >50 | >50 | >50 (25->50) |
>50 | >50 | >50 | >50 | >50 | >50 | |
| Al | 25 (6.25–25) |
6.25 (6.25–25) |
12.5 (12.5–25) |
>50 | 12.5 (6.25–25) |
25 (6.25–25) |
6.25 (6.25–12.5) |
12.5 (12.5–25) |
6.25 (6.25–25) |
|
| Ni | 4 (2–8) |
2 (1–4) |
1 (1–4) |
4 (2–8) |
2 (1–4) |
2 (1–2) |
8 (2–16) |
8 (2–8) |
2 (1–4) |
|
| Au | 0.25 (0.25–0.5) |
0.1 (0.1–0.25) |
0.5 (0.25–0.5) |
0.1 (0.06–0.125) |
0.2 (0.125–0.25) |
0.25 (0.25–0.5) |
0.25 (0.25–0.5) |
0.25 (0.25–0.5) |
0.25 (0.25–1) |
|
|
MBC
Mode (range) (mM) |
Ag |
0.125
(0.015–0.25) |
0.25 (0.125–4) |
0.25 (0.065–0.5) |
1 (0.25–1) |
1 (0.5–1) |
1 (0.5–1) |
0.125
(0.03–0.25) |
0.25 (0.125–0.25) |
0.5 (0.5–1) |
| Cu | 8 (4–16) |
8 (4–16) |
2 (1–4) |
16 (4–32) |
16 (8–16) |
8 (4–32) |
8 (4–16) |
16 (4–32) |
4 (2–4) |
|
| Ga * | 12.5 (12.5–25) |
25 (12.5–50) |
6.25 (6.25–25) |
12.5 (12.5–50) |
25 (6.25–25) |
50 (6.25–50) |
3.1 (1.5–12.5) |
6.25 (6.25–12.5) |
8 (4–16) |
|
| Zn | 16 (4–32) |
2 (2–4) |
12.5 | 8 (2–16) |
2 (1–4) |
8 (8–16) |
8 (2–16) |
16 | 12.5 | |
| Te | 0.25 (0.25–0.5) |
0.125
(0.015–0.125) |
0.25 (0.125–0.25) |
6.25 (1.6–12.5) |
0.2
(0.2–6) |
50< |
0.125
(0.125–0.25) |
0.25 (0.125–0.25) |
1 (1–4) |
|
| Se | >50 | >50 | >50 | >50 | >50 | >50 | >50 | >50 | >50 | |
| Al * | 25 (12.5–25) |
6.25 (6.25–25) |
12.5 (12.5–25) |
>50 | 25 (12.5–25) |
25 (3–50) |
12.5 (12.5–25) |
50 (25–100) |
25 (12.5–50) |
|
| Ni | 4 (2–8) |
2 (1–4) |
1 (1–4) |
8 (2–16) |
4 (2–8) |
8 (2–16) |
>32 | 16 (4–32) |
4 (2–8) |
|
| Au | 0.5 (0.5–8) |
0.25 (0.25–2) |
0.5 (0.5–2) |
0.25 (0.25–1) |
0.2 (0.2–1) |
0.5 (0.5–4) |
0.5 (0.25–0.5) |
0.5 (0.25–0.5) |
0.5 (0.5–1) |
|
Value ranges are given in parenthesis MHB = Mueller–Hinton broth, LB = Luria–Bertani, SWF = simulated wound fluid. * Turbidity of Ga and Al at concentrations > 4 mM was high, and inhibition of bacteria growth was not always clear; therefore, colony-forming units (CFU) were used for the determination of exact MIC.