Table 3.
Socio-demographic and lifestyle factors of the participants relative to high versus low breakfast intake frequency.
| Variable | <5 Days/Week (N = 685) | 5 + Days/Week (N = 464) | p-Value * |
|---|---|---|---|
| Breakfast intake (day per week) | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 6.3 ± 0.83 | |
| Gender (%) | 0.923 | ||
| Boys | 45.4 | 45.7 | |
| Girls | 54.6 | 54.3 | |
| School type (%) | 0.490 | ||
| Public | 76.4 | 74.6 | |
| Private | 23.6 | 25.4 | |
| Parent answering the questionnaire (%) | 0.099 | ||
| Father | 38.5 | 33.4 | |
| Mother | 58.1 | 64.2 | |
| Someone else | 3.4 | 2.4 | |
| Number of children in the family (%) | 0.019 | ||
| 1–2 | 14.2 | 18.3 | |
| 3–4 | 49.9 | 53.0 | |
| 5+ | 35.9 | 28.7 | |
| Number of family members in the house (%) | 0.272 | ||
| 1–3 | 45.7 | 50.0 | |
| 4–5 | 50.9 | 47.6 | |
| 6+ | 3.4 | 2.4 | |
| Paternal age (%) | 0.019 | ||
| <30 years | 0.7 | 0.4 | |
| 30-39 years | 28.8 | 32.5 | |
| 40–49 years | 47.2 | 51.3 | |
| 50–59 years | 19.0 | 13.4 | |
| 60+ years | 3.4 | 2.4 | |
| Maternal age (%) | 0.057 | ||
| <30 years | 8.2 | 9.1 | |
| 30–39 years | 60.3 | 64.4 | |
| 40–49 years | 27.2 | 24.8 | |
| 50–59 years | 4.4 | 1.7 | |
| 60+ years | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
| Paternal education (%) | 0.001 | ||
| Intermediate or less | 15.2 | 9.3 | |
| High school | 30.8 | 25.4 | |
| University degree | 46.1 | 54.3 | |
| Post graduate degree | 7.9 | 11.0 | |
| Maternal education (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Intermediate or less | 14.0 | 6.9 | |
| High school | 30.2 | 28.2 | |
| University degree | 52.3 | 59.5 | |
| Post graduate degree | 3.5 | 5.4 | |
| Family income (%) ** | 0.146 | ||
| 10,000 SR or less | 45.8 | 42.5 | |
| 10,001–20,000 SR | 37.8 | 41.2 | |
| 20,001–30,000 SR | 11.2 | 13.4 | |
| 30,001 + SR | 5.1 | 3.0 | |
| Screen time | 0.728 | ||
| ≤2 h/day | 30.1 | 31.0 | |
| >2 h/day | 69.9 | 69.0 | |
| Sleep duration | 0.001 | ||
| <9 h/night | 69.5 | 60.3 | |
| ≥9 h/night | 30.5 | 39.7 | |
| Physical activity (%) | 0.840 | ||
| No physical activity | 53.1 | 50.9 | |
| Less than 30 min/day | 20.6 | 21.6 | |
| 30 min to less than 60 min/day | 11.8 | 11.2 | |
| 60 min/day | 8.3 | 10.6 | |
| More than 60 min/day | 3.5 | 3.4 | |
| Physical activity/inactivity (%) | 0.372 | ||
| Low active | 85.5 | 83.6 | |
| High active | 14.5 | 16.4 | |
| Means of travelling to school (%) | 0.291 | ||
| Walking | 4.8 | 3.4 | |
| Family or private car | 86.9 | 89.9 | |
| School bus | 8.3 | 6.7 | |
| BMI category | 0.057 | ||
| <25 kg/m2 | 69.1 | 74.3 | |
| 25 + kg/m2 | 30.9 | 25.7 |
* Chi-Square tests for the differences in proportions between daily and non-daily breakfast intake; ** SR = Saudi Riyal = 3.75 U$.