Table 7.
Multivariate analysis for selected anthropometric and lifestyle variables while controlling for age and socio-demographic factors stratified by gender and breakfast intake frequency. Data are means and standard deviations.
| Variable | Gender | Breakfast Intakes | p-Value * | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <5 Days/Week (N = 685) |
5 + Days/Week (N = 464) |
|||
| Body weight (kg) | Boys | 33.5 ± 11.8 | 30.9 ± 9.6 | Breakfast intake: 0.004 |
| Gender: 0.287 | ||||
| Girls | 33.8 ± 11.7 | 32.4 ± 11.3 | Breakfast intake by gender interaction: 0.127 | |
| All | 33.7 ± 11.8 | 31.7 ± 10.5 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | Boys | 18.2 ± 4.2 | 17.3 ± 3.6 | Breakfast intake: 0.009 |
| Girls | 18.4 ± 3.9 | 18.0 ± 3.9 | Gender: 0.054 | |
| All | 18.3 ± 4.0 | 17.7 ± 3.8 | Breakfast intake by gender interaction: 0.213 | |
| Screen time (h/night) | Boys | 3.55 ± 1.8 | 3.04 ± 1.5 | Breakfast intake: 0.081 |
| Gender: =<0.001= | ||||
| Girls | 2.78 ± 1.5 | 2.81 ± 1.8 | Breakfast intake by gender interaction: 0.005 | |
| All | 3.13 ± 1.7 | 2.91 ± 1.7 | Breakfast intake: <0.001 | |
| Sleep duration (h/night) | Boys | 8.18 ± 1.2 | 8.51 ± 1.1 | Gender: 0.025 |
| Girls | 8.30 ± 1.3 | 8.63 ± 1.0 | Breakfast intake by gender interaction: 0.886 | |
| All | 8.25 ± 1.2 | 8.57 ± 1.1 | ||
| Physical activity (min/week) | Boys | 196.0 ± 232.5 | 213.3 ± 225.5 | Breakfast intake: 0.526 |
| Girls | 95.2 ± 158.4 | 92.4 ± 157.8 | Gender: <0.001 | |
| All | 141.2 ± 202.0 | 148.2 ± 201.1 | Breakfast intake by gender interaction: 0.268 | |
* Wilks’ Lambda p values: age <0.001; father age = 0.030; mother age = 0.048; father education = 0.002; mother education = 0.135; family income = 0.100; breakfast intake <0.001; gender <0.001 and breakfast intake by gender interaction = 0.056.