Table 1.
Physical characteristics of carvedilol-loaded transfersomes.
| Lipid | SA | Ratio | Size (nm) | PDI | Zeta Potential (mV) | EE (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1 | F1 | DSPC | T-80 | 1:1:0.25 | 313.13 ± 3.26 | 0.28 ± 0.03 | −5.54 ± 1.45 | 99.8 |
| F2 | DSPC | T-80 | 1:2:0.25 | 341.65 ± 18.27 | 0.29 ± 0.02 | −3.20 ± 0.19 | 99.4 | |
| F3 | DSPC | T-80 | 1:3:0.25 | 341.40 ± 19.77 | 0.23 ± 0.00 | −2.35 ± 0.60 | 99.2 | |
| F4 | DSPC | T-80 | 1:4:0.25 | 619.14 ± 54.66 | 0.30 ± 0.02 | −2.16 ± 0.19 | 99.6 | |
| F5 | DSPC | T-80 | 1:5:0.25 | 639.15 ± 73.71 | 0.26 ± 0.02 | −1.89 ± 0.24 | 99.5 | |
| F6 | DSPC | T-80 | 1:1:0.5 | 370.11 ± 6.63 | 0.30 ± 0.01 | −5.10 ± 0.56 | 100.8 | |
| F7 | DSPC | T-80 | 1:2:0.5 | 319.73 ± 10.37 | 0.28 ± 0.02 | −2.06 ± 0.19 | 99.1 | |
| F8 | DSPC | T-80 | 1:3:0.5 | 246.26 ± 10.78 | 0.28 ± 0.01 | −1.85 ± 0.06 | 98.5 | |
| F9 | DSPC | T-80 | 1:4:0.5 | 364.77 ± 18.35 | 0.29 ± 0.01 | −1.86 ± 0.39 | 101.1 | |
| F10 | DSPC | T-80 | 1:5:0.5 | 365.96 ± 16.11 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | −1.61 ± 0.30 | 100.7 | |
| Group 2 | F11 | SPC | T-80 | 1:1:0.25 | 286.92 ± 1.52 | 0.29 ± 0.01 | 11.60 ± 0.93 | 99.6 |
| F12 | SPC | T-80 | 1:2:0.25 | 234.56 ± 3.37 | 0.27 ± 0.00 | 10.58 ± 1.42 | 97.2 | |
| F13 | SPC | T-80 | 1:3:0.25 | 213.46 ± 1.46 | 0.28 ± 0.01 | 12.53 ± 1.15 | 91.6 | |
| F14 | SPC | T-80 | 1:4:0.25 | 238.50 ± 3.14 | 0.28 ± 0.01 | 13.3 ± 0.96 | 100.3 | |
| F15 | SPC | T-80 | 1:5:0.25 | 240.41 ± 3.63 | 0.27 ± 0.01 | 13.07 ± 0.53 | 91.9 | |
| F16 | SPC | T-80 | 1:1:0.5 | 243.73 ± 37.47 | 0.30 ± 0.05 | 8.74 ± 0.24 | 99.5 | |
| F17 | SPC | T-80 | 1:2:0.5 | 204.55 ± 41.88 | 0.24 ± 0.03 | 15.13 ± 1.06 | 98.9 | |
| F18 | SPC | T-80 | 1:3:0.5 | 162.92 ± 9.57 | 0.26 ± 0.01 | 17.13 ± 0.29 | 99.8 | |
| Group 3 | F19 | HEPC | T-80 | 1:1:0.25 | 301.47 ± 7.33 | 0.25 ± 0.03 | −3.54 ± 0.88 | 98.8 |
| F20 | HEPC | T-80 | 1:2:0.25 | 380.62 ± 32.01 | 0.25 ± 0.03 | −1.01 ± 0.30 | 98.8 | |
| F21 | HEPC | T-80 | 1:3:0.25 | 214.38 ± 5.31 | 0.26 ± 0.01 | −2.85 ± 1.11 | 98.8 | |
| F22 | HEPC | T-80 | 1:1:0.5 | 477.29 ± 57.66 | 0.32 ± 0.02 | −1.81 ± 0.28 | 98.1 | |
| F23 | HEPC | T-80 | 1:2:0.5 | 272.68 ± 6.52 | 0.32 ± 0.01 | −1.11 ± 0.40 | 97.7 | |
| F24 | HEPC | T-80 | 1:3:0.5 | 381.12 ± 70.36 | 0.28 ± 0.02 | −1.20 ± 0.34 | 99.7 | |
| Group 4 | F25 | SPC | SC | 1:1:0.25 | 303.63 ± 2.90 | 0.27 ± 0.01 | 8.14 ± 0.81 | 97.6 |
| F26 | SPC | SC | 1:2:0.25 | 224.96 ± 2.62 | 0.26 ± 0.01 | 12.13 ± 0.24 | 98.8 | |
| F27 | SPC | SC | 1:3:0.25 | 213.14 ± 1.49 | 0.26 ± 0.01 | 12.33 ± 0.47 | 94.1 | |
| F28 | SPC | SC | 1:1:0.5 | 206.41 ± 5.51 | 0.30 ± 0.01 | 9.62 ± 0.19 | 96.9 | |
| F29 | SPC | SC | 1:2:0.5 | 217.44 ± 5.13 | 0.27 ± 0.01 | 12.53 ± 0.44 | 98.2 | |
| F30 | SPC | SC | 1:3:0.5 | 189.12 ± 2.23 | 0.27 ± 0.01 | 12.43 ± 0.28 | 91.9 |
Ratio = carvedilol:lipids:surfactant. SA: surfactant. PDI: polydispersity index. T-80: Tween 80. SC: sodium cholate, EE: encapsulation efficiency. Volume of formulation: 10 mL. Final drug concentration: 0.1 mg/mL.