Table 2.

Factors contributing to magnesium deficiency.

Diet related

Inadequate magnesium intake [5,13,26]

High protein diet [5,25]

High sodium diet [5,25]

High calcium diet [5,23,24,25]

High caffeine intake [5]

Alcohol dependence [5,13,26]

Lifestyle

Sports [25,38,39,40]

Sleep quality and quantity [41,42]

Chronic stress [43,44]

Pharmacological related

Diuretics, e.g., furosemide [13,26,27]

Proton-pump inhibitors, e.g., omeprazole [13,27]

Cisplatin [13,26,27]

Antibiotics, e.g., gentamicin [13,27]

Physiological conditions

Pregnancy [28,29]

Ageing [31,32]

Menopause [30]

Pathological conditions

Genetic disorders [8,35,36]

Type 2 diabetes mellitus [4,5]

Gastrointestinal disorders [5,26]

Kidney failure [5,33]

Cardiovascular diseases [5,45]

Metabolic syndrome [5,34]

Osteoporosis [15,25,33]