Figure 11.

Characteristics of the AF gel electrolyte. (a) Optical images of the AF gel (colored blue for visibility) and a hypothetical molecular model. The soft hydrogel can be stretched more than 1000% in area without fracture. The dots with different colors indicate hydrogen bonds among different species (b) The effect of EG-waPUA weight percentage (Gw%) on the freeze-resistant performance of the hydrogel electrolyte after one day of cooling at −20 °C. The EG-waPUA/water solutions were stained by yellow ink (0.1 wt.%). (c) Elastic stability of AF gel at −20 °C. Reproduced with permission from [160]. Copyright 2019 Royal Society of Chemistry.