Table 3.
Viral shedding of influenza A viruses (generally avian or avian-origin but isolated from an alternative host [e.g., Anhui]) by select experimentally infected mammalian synanthropes.
| Common Name | Scientific Name | Subtype | Pathotype b* | Exposure Method | Maximum Titer f* | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plateau pika | Ochotona curzoniae | H5N1 a | HP | IN c* | ND | [72] |
| H9N2 b | LP | IN | 4.8 h* | [7] | ||
| Cottontail rabbit | Sylvilagus sp. | H4N6 c | LP | IN | 7.2 | [73] |
| H7N9 d | LP | IN | 5.8 | [76] | ||
| H5N8 e | HP | IN | 3.5 | [77] | ||
| H5N2 f | HP | IN | 3.9 | [77] | ||
| H5N2 g | HP | IN | 5.3 | [77] | ||
| House mouse | Mus musculus | H3N6 h | LP | IN | 2.4 i* | [4] |
| H3N8 i | LP | IN | 4.5 i* | [4] | ||
| H4N6 j | LP | IN | 4.3 i* | [4] | ||
| H4N8 k | LP | IN | 2.1 i* | [4] | ||
| H6N2 l | LP | IN | 2.1 i* | [4] | ||
| Bank vole | Myodes glareolus | H7N1 m | HP | IN | 4.9 | [78] |
| H5N1 n | HP | IN | 6.6 | [78] | ||
| Thirteen-lined ground squirrel | Ictidomys tridecemlineatusa* | H3N8 o | LP | IN | ND g* | [79] |
| Norway rat | Rattus norvegicus | H6N2 l | LP | IN | 3.5 i* | [80] |
| H4N8 k | LP | IN | 1.7 i* | [80] | ||
| H4N6 j | LP | IN | 4.8 i* | [80] | ||
| H3N8 i | LP | IN | 5.5 i* | [80] | ||
| Black rat | Rattus rattus | H5N1 p | HP | IN | 3.0 j* | [81] |
| Raccoon | Procyon lotor | H4N6 c | LP | Virus-laden water | 4.2 | [82] |
| H7N9 d | LP | IN | 5.2 | [76] | ||
| H4N8 k | LP | IN | 1.1 | [22] | ||
| Striped skunk | Mephitis | H4N6 c | LP | IN | 6.0 | [5] |
| H7N9 d | LP | IN | 6.4 | [76] | ||
| H1N1 q | LP | ICE d*/IN | ND | [79] | ||
| H3N8 o | LP | ICE/IN | ND | [79] | ||
| Red fox | Vulpes vulpes | H5N1 r | HP | IT or BC e* | 5.2 | [83] |
| “Fox” | Not listed | H9N2 s | LP | IN or Contact | Negative | [26] |
| Mink | Neovison vison | H9N2 t | LP | IN | ND | [41] |
| H7N2 u | LP | IN or Contact | 7.2 k* | [40,84] | ||
| H4N1 v | LP | IN | 4.5 k* | [40] | ||
| H3N8 w | LP | IN | 6.3 | [85] | ||
| H11N4 x | LP | IN | 5.3 | [85] | ||
| H7N7 y | Not reported | IN | 5.5 | [85] | ||
| H8N4 z | LP | IN | 6.0 | [85] | ||
| H5N3 aa | Not reported | IN | 4.5 | [85] | ||
| H9N2 bb | LP | IN | 4.3 | [85] | ||
| “Mink” | Not listed | H9N2 s | LP | IN or Contact | 4.2 | [26] |
| “Mink” | Not listed | H9N2 cc | LP | IN | 4.5 | [86] |
| Raccoon dog | Nyctereutes procyonoides | H9N2 s | LP | IN or Contact | Negative | [26] |
| Feral swine | Sus Scrofa | H3N2 dd | LP | IN | 2.5 | [30] |
| H6N2 ee | LP | IN | ND | [30] |
a A/greatblack-headedgull/Qinghai/1/2009(H5N1); b A/Chicken/Shandong/Li-1/2009(H9N2); c A/Mallard/CO/P70F1-03/08(H4N6); d A/Anhui/1/2013(H7N9)[humanisolateofavianorigin]; e A/gyrfalcon/Washington/41088-6/2014(H5N8); f A/Northern pintail/Washington/40964/2014(H5N2); g A/turkey/Minnesota/9845-4/2015(H5N2); h A/Mallard/OR/A00047710/06(H3N6); I A/Wild bird/CA/187718-36/08(H3N8); j A/mallard/CO/P66F1-5/08(H4N6); k A/CK/AL/75(H4N8); l A/CK/CA/S0408793/04(H6N2); m A/ostrich/Italy/2332/2000(Os/H7N1); n A/turkey/Turkey/1/2005(Tk/H5N1); o A/DK/1518/81(H3N8); p A/whooper swan/Hokkaido/4/2011(H5N1); q A/Goose/Mn-1661/81(H1N1); r A/whooper swan/Germany/R65-1/2006(H5N1); s A/Mink/Shandong/F10/2013(H9N2) [virus was isolated from a farmed mink fed uncooked poultry products]; t A/Chicken/Hebei/4/2008(H9N2); u A/duck/Hokkaido/5/77(H7N2); v A/budgerigar/Hokkaido/1/77(H4N1); w A/duck/Hokkaido/8/80(H3N8); x A/duck/Miyagi/47/77(H11N4); y A/swan/Tottori/42/80(H7N7); z A/duck/Miyagi/95/77(H8N4); aa A/duck/Miyagi/54/76(H5N3); bb A/duck/Niigata/747/79(H9N2); cc A/Mink/Shandong/F6/2013(H9N2) [virus was isolated from a farmed mink that were likely fed uncooked poultry products]; dd A/mallard/Wisconsin/A00661712/2009(H3N2); ee A/mallard/Ohio/648/2002(H6N2); a* Listed in original paper as Spermophilus tridecemlineatus; b* Pathotype as assessed in poultry; c* IN = intranasal; d* ICE = animals fed infected chicken embryos; e* IT = Intratracheal, BC = Infected bird carcasses, maximum titer was associated with IT infection; f* Presented as log10 “units”/mL. Some studies used quantitative PCR techniques (e.g., PCR EID50 equivalents/mL, Copies/µL [converted to mL]), and others used virus isolation techniques. Data associated with tissues is included in some instances; g* ND = not done or not reported; h* Maximum titer was assessed from nasal turbinates; i* Highest titers reported were associated with nasal turbinate or lung samples; j* Titer was associated with intestine and kidney samples; k* Highest titer was from a nasal turbinate sample. Titers analysis of nasal swabs was not conducted.