Figure 2.

Strategies to enhance the NDV antitumor immune response by recombinant genetic engineering. Genetic engineering can be used to generate NDV strains with greater potential to stimulate antitumor immune response. First, NDV engineered to express cytokines such as GM-CSF or interleukins can increase recruitment of innate effector cells such as antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Second, NDV can be used as a therapeutic vaccine targeted to specific tumor antigens such as oncogenic viral antigens, frame shift mutations, or mutated self-antigens. Third, NDV can be engineered express single-chain variable fragments or full antitumor antibodies to induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by effector cells.