Table 1.
Liver.
| Source | Fat Source | Macronutrients (% kcal) | Duration | Strain; Sex | Tissue Findings | T2D Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [19] | (a) Cocoa butter (b) Palm oil (c) Olive oil (d) Safflower oil |
45% fat 20% protein 35% carbohydrate All diet formulations maintained same ratio |
8 weeks | C57BL/6 mice; Male | ↑ Liver TAG in palm and olive oil groups | ↑ Body weight in palm oil compared to cocoa butter. ↓ Glucose tolerance: cocoa, palm and safflower oils |
| [6] | Hydrogenated coconut oil | 59% fat 15% protein 26% carbohydrate |
20 weeks | C57BL/6 mice; Male | ↑ FABP mRNA ↑ Inflammation ↑ Increased BTNL2 |
↑ Fat mass ↓ Insulin sensitivity ↑ Plasma insulin |
| [22] | Lard and Soybean oil | 60% fat 20% protein 20% carbohydrate |
20 weeks | C57BL/6 mice; Female |
↑ Lipid accumulation ↑ Hepatic steatosis |
↑ Body weight ↓ Glucose tolerance ↑Serum insulin ↑ Serum glucose |
| [20,21,23,24] | Lard and Soybean oil | 60% fat ~20% protein ~20% carbohydrate |
8 weeks [23] 15 weeks [24] 18 weeks [20] 20 weeks [21] |
C57BL/6 mice; Male |
↑ Inflammation ↑ Lipid accumulation ↑ Fibrosis |
↑ Body weight ↑ Serum glucose ↑ Serum insulin ↑ HOMA-IR |
| [25] | Lard | 45% fat 30% protein 25% carbohydrate |
4 weeks | Wister rats; Male |
↑ Liver mass ↑ Liver TAG ↑ Hepatic steatosis |
↑ Body weight ↓Insulin sensitivity ←→ Plasma glucose |
| [26] | Lard and Soybean oil | 45% fat 20% protein 35% carbohydrate |
12 weeks | Sprague-Dawley rats; Male | ↑ Lipid accumulation ↑ Lipogenic gene and protein expression |
↑ Body weight |
| [27] | Butter | 58% fat 25% protein 17% carbohydrate |
18 weeks | Sprague-Dawley rats; Male | ↑ Inflammation ↑ Lipid accumulation ↓ Insulin signaling ↑ Hepatic necrosis ↑ Oxidative stress |
↑ Body weight ↑ Serum glucose ↑ Serum insulin ↑ HOMA-IR |
Studies cited in this table were limited to those that included macronutrient composition. The direction of arrows indicate change when compared to a standard diet control group within that study. Triacylglycerol (TAG), butyrophilin-like Protein 2 (BTNL2), fatty acid binding protein (FABP), major histocompatibility complex I and II (MHC I and II), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).