Table 2.

Adipose.

Source	Fat Source	Macronutrients (% kcal)	Duration	Strain; Sex	Findings	T2D Status
[38]	Lard and Soybean oil	45% fat 20% protein 35% carbohydrate	12 weeks	C57BL/6; Male	↑ Body weight ↑ Epididymal fat mass and adipocyte size ↑ Inflammation	↑ Body weight ↑ Blood glucose
[33]	(1) Palm oil (2) Sunflower oil	(1) 45% fat 20% protein 35% carbohydrate (2) 45% fat 20% protein35% carbohydrate	24 weeks	C57BL/6; Male	↓ SFA: Adipose insulin signaling ↑ SFA: Inflammation ↑ SFA: Adipocyte size ↑ SFA and MUFA: Epididymal, visceral, subcutaneous, and perirenal fat pad mass	↓ Palm and sunflower oils: Glucose tolerance ↑ Sunflower oil: Hyperinsulinemia ↑ Palm oil: Hyperinsulinemia above sunflower oil
[37,39]	Lard and Soybean oil	60% fat 20% protein 20% carbohydrate	7 to 8 weeks	C57BL/6; Male	↑ Subcutaneous fat ↑ Visceral fat ↑ Adipocyte size ↑ Lipogenic gene expression	↑ Body weight ↑ Serum glucose
[40]	Lard and Soybean oil	60% fat 20% protein 20% carbohydrate	12 weeks	C57BL/6; female	↑ Perirenal fat ↑ Gonadal fat ↑ Mesenteric fat	↑ Body weight ←→ Glucose tolerance
[35]	Lard and Soybean oil	60% fat 20% protein20% carbohydrate	20 weeks	C57BL/6; Male	↑ Adipose weight ↑ Adipocyte size peaks at 12 weeks ↑ Adipocyte death peaks at 16 weeks ↑ Inflammation	↑ Body weight ↑ Serum insulin by 8 weeks ↑ Insulin resistance by 8 weeks ↑ HOMA-IR by 8 weeks
[41]	Lard and Soybean oil	45% fat 20% protein 35% carbohydrate	13 weeks	Sprague-Dawley rats; Male	↑ Retroperitoneal and epididymal fat mass ↑ Adipocyte size ↑ Adipogenic gene expression ↑ Macrophage accumulation ↑ Inflammation	↑ Body weight
[42]	Unknown	57% fat 10% protein 31% carbohydrate	11 weeks	Wister rats; Male and Female	↑ Subcutaneous and retroperitoneal fat mass and adipocyte diameter in males and females ↑ Oxidative stress in males only ↑ Subcutaneous fat inflammation in males only	↑ Body weight males only
[43]	Lard and Soybean oil	60% fat 20% protein 20% carbohydrate	8 weeks	Wister rats; Male	↑ Ceramide content ↑ DAG content ↑ Plasma free fatty acids	←→ Body weight ↑ Plasma glucose ↑ Plasma insulin ↑ HOMA-IR
[44]	UFA Mix: Sheep rump fat	62.1% fat 16% protein 28.2% fat	20 weeks	Wister rats; Males	↑ Inguinal, mesenteric, epididymal, retroperitoneal, and perirenal fat mass ↓ Capillary density ↑ Increased macrophage crown-like structures	↑ Body weight ↑ Blood glucose ↑ HOMA-IR ←→ Insulin

Studies cited in this table were limited to those that included macronutrient composition. The direction of arrows indicate change when compared to a standard diet control group within that study. Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA, and diacylglycerol (DAG).