Table 5.

Skeletal Muscle.

Source	Fat Source	Macronutrients (%kcal)	Duration	Strain; Sex	Findings	T2D Status
[19]	(a) Cocoa butter (b) Palm oil (c) Olive oil (d) Safflower oil	45% fat 20% protein 35% carbohydrateAll diet formulations maintained same ratio	8 weeks	C57BL/6; Male	↑ Gastrocnemius TAG and DAG: cocoa butter, palm oil, and olive oil	↑ Body weight in palm oil compared to cocoa butter. ↑ Glucose tolerance: cocoa, palm and safflower oils
[85]	Coconut oil and soybean oil	58% fat 17% protein 25% carbohydrate	16 weeks	FVB; B6;Male and Female	↓ Muscle insulin sensitivity: Males and Females	↑ Body weight: Males only ↑ Plasma glucose: Males only ↓ Glucose and insulin tolerance: Males only
[6,80]	Hydrogenated coconut oil	59% fat 15% protein 26% carbohydrate	8 weeks [83] 20 weeks [6]	C57BL/6; Male	↑ Fatty acid transport ↑ Lipogenesis ↑ Muscle Adipocyte differentiation ↓ Fatty acid oxidation ↓ Mitochondrial function	↑ Body weight ↑ Blood glucose ↑ Plasma insulin ↓ Insulin sensitivity
[86]	Lard and soybean oil	60% fat 20% protein 20% carbohydrate	15 weeks	C57BL/6; Male	↓ Insulin sensitivity ↑ Muscle weight ↑ Inflammatory mRNA profile	↑ Body weight ↑ Serum insulin ↕ Glucose tolerance
[87]	Lard	45% fat 20% protein 35% carbohydrate	15 weeks	Sprague-Dawley rats; Male	↑ Soleus lipid accumulation ↑ Protein and mRNA supporting fatty acid transport and lipogenesis	↑ Body weight ↑ Plasma glucose ↑ Serum insulin ↑ HOMA-IR ↓ Insulin sensitivity
[88,89]	Lard and soybean oil	60% fat 20% protein 20% carbohydrate	2 weeks	Wister rats; Male	←→ Soleus and extensor digitorum longus weight ←→ Soleus and extensor digitorum longus insulin signaling ↓ Soleus force production ↓ Soleus glutathione ↑ Soleus IL-6 mRNA ↑ Lipid droplet size in soleus ↑ Percentage of large lipid droplets in soleus ↑ Lipogenic mRNA in soleus	←→ Body weight
[90,91]	Lard and soybean oil	60% fat 20% protein 20% carbohydrate	2 weeks	Wister rats; Male	↓ Glucose uptake by isolated type IIAX, IIX, IIBX, and IIB fibers ↑ Lipid droplet density in type I, IIA, and IIAX fibers ↑ Lipid droplet size in type I and IIA fibers ↓ Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in whole muscle ↓ Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in isolated type IIA, IIAX, and IIB fibers	←→ Body weight

Studies cited in the table were limited to those that included macronutrient composition. The direction of arrows indicate change when compared to a standard diet control group within that study. Diacylglycerol (DAG), triacylglycerol (TAG), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).