Table 1.
Included studies characteristics.
| Author | Publication Date |
Design | Journal | Sample Size | Subjects’Age at the Diagnosis of Malocclusion | Orthodontic Diagnosis | Malocclusion Types Considered | Assessment Method | Statistical Analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Campos MPMS et al. [14] | 2018 | Cross-sectional study | Braz Oral Res. | 290 | 6 years | Clinical examination. Anterior open bite was diagnosed based on the criteria given by Foster and Hamilton [43]. |
Dental and skeletal malocclusions were evaluated. | The Z-score development index (ratio between height and age) was employed to express nutritional status at birth and at 6 years of age (WHO reference standard). | Multivariate logistic regression; odds ratio (OR), chi-square test. |
| Costa CTD. et al. [36] | Cross-sectional study | Braz Oral Res. | 489 | 2–5 years | WHO index | Anterior crossbite, open bite, median line deviation, crowding or spacing | Validated questionnaire. | Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression, odds ratio (OR) | |
| Germa et al. [44] | 2016 | Cohort study | Angle Orthod. | 422 | 3 years | Clinical examination. Direct inspection for transverse and vertical relation. |
Anterior open bite, posterior crossbite. | Self-administered questionnaires | Multiple logistic regressions. |
| Lopes-Freire GM et al. [15] | 2015 | Cross-sectional observational survey | Prog Orthod. | 275 | 3–6 years | Clinical examination. Direct inspection for transverse and vertical relation. Angle class/primary teeth canine relationship for interarch sagittal malocclusion. | Posterior crossbite. anterior open bite, and overbite, sagittal occlusal relationship (angle class, primary canine relationship, overjet) |
Validated questionnaire. | Chi-square, Fisher’s exact tests, odds ratio (OR) |
| Peres KG. et al. [39] | 2015 | Cohort study | Pediatrics | 1303 | 5 years | Clinical examination in a single home visit. WHO classification |
Openbite; crossbite; overjet. | Questionnaire recorded at 3, 12, and 24 months. | Poisson regression analyses |
| Chen X et al. [38] | 2015 | Cross- sectional study | BMC Pediatr. | 734 | 3–6 years | Does not specify | Deep bite, open bite, anterior/posterior crossbite, sagittal relationship between primary canines and between second primary molars, presence or absence of crowding or spacing. | Questionnaire repeated every six months for the first three years of life and the non-nutritive sucking habits. | Univariate analysis and multiple logistic regressions |
| Sum FH et al. [18] | 2015 | Cross-sectional study | BMC Oral Health | 851 | 2–5 years | Own criteria (Kappa 0.70–1.00) |
Incisal relationship; sagittal relationship between primary canines and between second primary molars, overjet; anterior/posterior crossbite; anterior openbite; overbite; intercanine width; intermolar width; posterior crossbite | Self-administered questionnaires on feeding habits and history of non-nutritive sucking habits | Multinomial logistic regression models; Multi-way ANOVA. |
| Agarwal SS et al. [45] | 2014 | Cross-sectional retrospective study | Prog Orthod. | 415 | 4–6 years | Self-defined criteria statistically validated (kappa = 0.758) |
Anterior open bite, posterior crossbite upper and lower inter-molar distance (IMD) and inter-canine distance (ICD) |
One-time administered validated questionnaire | Chi-square test and Odds ratio to assess the strength of correlations in object. Multivariate logistic regression to determine independent predictors of posterior crossbite and upper and lower IMD and ICD |
| Limeira et al. [37] | 2014 | Cross-sectional retrospective study | J Dent Child. | 714 | 6 to 9 years old | The clinical examination was performed with the subject seated in a chair under natural light, using disposable tongue blades and gloves. The occlusal relationships were evaluated in centric occlusion. | Posterior cross-bite | A validated questionnaire was completed by guardians concerning the length of time they were exclusively breast-fed and the breast-feeding duration. | Chi-square test. |
| Moimaz SA et al. [46] | 2014 | Prospective cohort study | BMC Oral Health | 80 | 30th months of age | Not reported | Overjet, Posterior crossbite | Self-administered questionnaires at one year, one and a half years and two years of age | Chi-squared and Fisher’s exact tests |
| Caramez da Silva et al. [35] | 2012 | Cross-sectional study | Breastfeed Med. | 153 | 3 to 5 years old | The sagittal relation between the upper and lower jaw was evaluated through direct clinical examination Distoclusion was diagnosed according to Foster and Hamilton’s criteria [43] (the cusp of the primary upper canine occluded anterior to the distal aspect of the primary lower canine. | Primary teeth sagittal relationship | Trained research assistants gathered data on dietary and not-nutritive sucking habits at 7, 30, 60, 120, and 180 days through a telephonic or in person interview (if the first option was not viable) | Poisson’s regression analysis. |
| Thomaz et al. [47] | 2012 | Cross-sectional study | Int J Pediatr otorhinolaryngol. | 2060 | 12–15 years old | Malocclusion and facial characteristics were evaluated as defined by Angle | Dental class as described by Angle | Validated questionnaire. | Odds ratio (OR) in multinomial logistic regression analysis |
| Jabbar NS et al. [2] | 2011 | Epidemiological study, cross-sectional study | Braz Oral Res. | 911 | 3–6 years | Self-defined criteria statistically validated (Kappa: 0.9 to 1.0) |
Overjet (normally, increased, anterior crossbite). Primary canine relationships (Class 1,2,3) |
One-time validated questionnaire. | multiple binary logistic regression (α = 0.05) |
| Romero CC et al. [3] | 2011 | Cross-sectional study | J Appl Oral Sci | 1377 | 3–6 years | Clinical examinations were performed by visual inspection. | Overbite alterations: anterior open bite (negative overbite) and anterior deep bite (increased overbite) | Validated questionnaire. | Spearman’s correlation test., chi-square tests with odds ratio (OR), binary logistic regression |
| Sanchez Molins et al. [48] | 2010 | Observational, analytical and retrospective study | Eur J Paediatr Dent | 197 | 6–11years | Cephalometric measurements according to Ricketts, Steiner and McNamara. | Dental, skeletal and aesthetics variables based on Ricketts, Steiner and McNamara values. | Validated questionnaire. | t-test and ANOVA test, chi-square test |
| Castelo PM et al. [49] | 2010 | Cross-sectional study | J Appl Oral Sci. | 67 | 3.5 to 7 years | Direct clinical examination of allowed to gather the following information: anamneses, height and weight, posterior crossbite, distoclusion was diagnosed according to Foster and Hamilton’s criteria [43] (the cusp of the primary upper canine occluded anterior to the distal aspect of the primary lower canine). | Cross-bite, maximal bite force. | Direct clinical examination and interview of the guardians about history of breastfeeding, presence and duration of sucking habits. | t-test, Pearson’s correlation test multiple logistic regression univariate regression |
| Peres KG et al. [33] | 2007 | Cross-sectional study | Rev Saude Publica. | 359 | Not reported | Direct clinical examination | Anterior open bite and posterior cross bite | Repeated interview of the guardians about breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking habits were performed at birth, after 3, 6 and 12 months, and at six years of age | Chi-square test, Poisson regression test |
| Viggiano D et al. [10] | 2004 | Retrospective study | Arch Dis. Child. | 1130 | 3–5 years | Direct clinical examination by a pediatric dentist | Altered sagittal relationship; anterior open bite; posterior cross-bite | Structured ques-tionnaire | Logistic regression, odds ratio |
Significance threshold was set for all studies at p < 0.05.