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. 2020 Nov 30;9(12):1209. doi: 10.3390/antiox9121209

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(A) SDG treatment after painful NRC reduces spinal astrocytic but not microglial activation, as evident in tissue sections from representative rats (scale is 100 µm and applies to all panels).(B) SDG treatment does not alter spinal Iba1 levels after NRC compared to vehicle treatment, with levels significantly elevated (^# p = 0.022) over sham-treated rats. Spinal Iba1 expression in the Sham + SDG group are significantly lower (* p = 0.0012) than the NRC+PBS group. After a painful NRC, spinal GFAP expression with SDG treatment is significantly reduced (* p = 0.003) compared to vehicle treatment. Similarly, spinal GFAP in sham-treated groups is significantly (* p = 0.03) lower than the vehicle treated group.