Table 4.
MANCOVA and ANCOVA results for the VLMT and digit span parameters.
| MANCOVA DHA Status (DHA) Depression Severity (S) Interaction Severity * DHA Status (I) Covariates: Gender (G), GIX (IQ) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VLMT short-term memory parameters | DHA: F(10,178) = 1.323, p = 0.221, ηp2 = 0.069 S: F(5,88) = 0.524, p = 0.758, ηp2 = 0.029 I: F(10,178) = 0.686, p = 0.736, ηp2 = 0.037 G: F(5,88) = 1.218, p = 0.308, ηp2 = 0.065 IQ: F(5,88) = 6.113, p < 0.001 ***, ηp2 = 0.258 |
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| Moderate depression N = 59 M (SD) |
Severe depression N = 41 M (SD) |
F p ηp2 |
Pairwise | p | |||||
| DHA | S | I | G | IQ | |||||
| T1 score | |||||||||
| Low DHA | 6.65 (1.61) | 6.40 (2.07) | 1.57 | 0.057 | 0.115 | 0.073 | 7.401 | NS | NS |
| Moderate DHA | 7.25 (1.68) | 7.00 (1.41) | 0.214 | 0.812 | 0.892 | 0.788 | 0.008 * | ||
| High DHA | 6.94 (1.61) | 6.78 (1.90) | 0.033 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.074 | ||
| T2 score | |||||||||
| Low DHA | 9.87 (2.97) | 8.91 (0.69) | 1.733 | 0.923 | 0.323 | 0 | 14.652 | NS | NS |
| Moderate DHA | 10.85 (2.87) | 9.10 (2.13) | 0.182 | 0.339 | 0.725 | 0.982 | <0.001 * | ||
| High DHA | 10.25 (1.18) | 10.28 (2.63) | 0.036 | 0.01 | 0.007 | 0 | 0.137 | ||
| T3 score | |||||||||
| Low DHA | 11.09 (2.17) | 11.50 (2.72) | 1.096 | 0.184 | 0.641 | 3.039 | 15.105 | NS | NS |
| Moderate DHA | 11.70 (2.06) | 10.38 (2.06) | 0.338 | 0.669 | 0.529 | 0.085 | <0.001 * | ||
| High DHA | 11.75 (2.05) | 11.94 (1.86) | 0.023 | 0.002 | 0.014 | 0.032 | 0.141 | ||
| T4 score | |||||||||
| Low DHA | 11.96 (2.35) | 12.20 (2.20) | 1.769 | 0.1 | 0.913 | 2.062 | 31.252 | NS | NS |
| Moderate DHA | 13.15 (1.73) | 11.54 (3.05) | 0.176 | 0.752 | 0.405 | 0.154 | <0.001 * | ||
| High DHA | 12.63 (1.09) | 13.06 (1.51) | 0.037 | 0.001 | 0.019 | 0.022 | 0.254 | ||
| T5 score | |||||||||
| Low DHA | 12.09 (2.28) | 13.10 (1.60) | 0.038 | 0.366 | 1.816 | 0.881 | 19.51 | NS | NS |
| Moderate DHA | 13.05 (1.79) | 11.77 (1.88) | 0.963 | 0.547 | 0.169 | 0.35 | <0.001 * | ||
| High DHA | 12.44 (1.63) | 12.89 (1.64) | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.038 | 0.009 | 0.175 | ||
| VLMT interference parameters | DHA: F(6,182) = 0.933, p = 0.472, ηp2 = 0.039 S: F(3,90) = 0.716, p = 0.545, ηp2 = 0.023 I: F(6,182) = 2.219, p = 0.052 °, ηp2 = 0.066 G: F(3,90) = 0.480, p = 0.697, ηp2 = 0.016 IQ: F(3,90) = 8.593, p = < 0.001 ***, ηp2 = 0.223 |
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| I | |||||||||
| Low DHA | 7.13 (2.70) | 5.90 (2.38) | 0.066 | 0.804 | 0.753 | 1.131 | 16.398 | NS | NS |
| Moderate DHA | 6.60 (1.76) | 5.92 (2.63) | 0.936 | 0.372 | 0.474 | 0.29 | <0.001 * | ||
| High DHA | 6.25 (2.46) | 6.39 (1.91) | 0.001 | 0.009 | 0.016 | 0.012 | 0.151 | ||
| T6 | |||||||||
| Low DHA | 11.43 (2.76) | 12.70 (2.36) | 1.405 | 0.006 | 4.337 | 0.445 | 12.435 | I: s/h > s/m I: m/m > s/m |
p = 0.036 *
p = 0.021 * |
| Moderate DHA | 12.45 (2.21) | 10.00 (2.35) | 0.251 | 0.936 | 0.016 * | 0.506 | 0.001 * | ||
| High DHA | 12.06 (1.95) | 12.61 (1.29) | 0.03 | 0 | 0.086 | 0.005 | 0.119 | ||
| T5–6 | |||||||||
| Low DHA | 0.65 (1.56) | 0.40 (1.58) | 2.621 | 0.613 | 1.959 | 0.017 | 0.006 | NS | NS |
| Moderate DHA | 0.60 (1.60) | 1.77 (1.64) | 0.078 | 0.436 | 0.147 | 0.897 | 0.936 | ||
| High DHA | 0.38 (1.41) | 0.28 (1.32) | 0.054 | 0.007 | 0.041 | 0 | 0 | ||
| VLMT Long-term memory parameters | DHA: F(4,184) = 0.599, p = 0.664, ηp2 = 0.013 S: F(2,91) = 0.181, p = 0.835, ηp2 = 0.004 I: F(4,184) = 1.805, p = 0.130, ηp2 = 0.038 G: F(2,91) = 0.488, p = 0.615, ηp2 = 0.011 IQ: F(2,91) = 11.721, p < 0.001 ***, ηp2 = 0.205 |
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| T7 | |||||||||
| Low DHA | 11.70 (2.79) | 11.90 (2.51) | 0.804 | 0.151 | 1.598 | 0.744 | 19.794 | NS | NS |
| Moderate DHA | 12.25 (2.95) | 10.62 (2.18) | 0.45 | 0.698 | 0.208 | 0.391 | <0.001 * | ||
| High DHA | 11.69 (2.02) | 13.00 (1.33) | 0.017 | 0.002 | 0.034 | 0.008 | 0.177 | ||
| T5–7 | |||||||||
| Low DHA | 0.39 (1.64) | 1.20 (1.75) | 1.11 | 0.011 | 1.86 | 0.031 | 1.802 | NS | NS |
| Moderate DHA | 0.80 (2.12) | 1.15 (1.46) | 0.334 | 0.916 | 0.161 | 0.86 | 0.183 | ||
| High DHA | 0.75 (1.44) | −0.11 (1.41) | 0.024 | 0 | 0.039 | 0 | 0.019 | ||
| Moderate depression N = 58 M (SD) |
Severe depression N = 41 M (SD) |
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| Digits forward | |||||||||
| Low DHA | 9.09 (2.18) | 9.90 (1.37) | 3.342 | 0.956 | 1.523 | 0.23 | 25.145 | NS | NS |
| Moderate DHA | 8.45 (1.50) | 7.85 (1.41) | 0.040 * | 0.543 | 0.224 | 0.633 | <0.001 * | ||
| High DHA | 8.69 (1.66) | 8.28 (2.08) | 0.068 | 0.004 | 0.032 | 0.003 | 0.216 | ||
| Digits backward | |||||||||
| Low DHA | 8.64 (2.36) | 8.60 (1.17) | 0.78 | 0.005 | 0.192 | 0.058 | 17.851 | NS | NS |
| Moderate DHA | 8.15 (1.81) | 7.62 (1.26) | 0.461 | 0.942 | 0.826 | 0.81 | <0.001 * | ||
| High DHA | 8.19 (1.64) | 7.89 (1.61) | 0.017 | 0 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.164 | ||
Note: GIX, global intelligence index. ηp2 = 0.01 (small), 0.06 (medium), and 0.14 (large). L, low DHA status; m, moderate DHA status; h, high DHA status; m/l, moderately depressed with a low DHA status; m/m, moderately depressed with a moderate DHA status; m/h, moderately depressed with a high DHA status; s/l, severely depressed with a low DHA status; s/m, severely depressed with a moderate DHA status; s/h, severely depressed with a high DHA status. Group sizes (n): m/l = 23; m/m = 20; m/h = 16; s/l = 10; s/m = 13; s/h = 18. Multivariate effects, pairwise comparisons: ° borderline significant * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001. Between-subjects effects: ° borderline significant, * p < 0.010 (short-term memory), * p < 0.017 (interference), and * p < 0.025 (long-term memory) after Bonferroni correction of the significance level. Significant effects are marked in bold. T1–7, trials 1–7; NS, not significant.