Table 4.
Maximum levels [μg/g] of naturally occurring depsipeptides in foods and feeds from different countries.
| Sample | Origin | ENN A | ENN A1 | ENN B | ENN B1 | ENN B4 | BEA | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asparagus | Poland | ND | 0.05 | 0.06 | ND | NA | 0.1 | [8] |
| Barley | Italy | ND | ND | ND | ≤0.01 | 0.02 | ≤0.01 | [100] |
| Italy | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.07 | NA | ≤0.01 | [104] | |
| Finland | 0.95 | 2 | 9.76 | 5.72 | NA | 0.02 | [1] | |
| Morocco | ND | 220 | 49 | 32 | NA | 5 | [107] | |
| Norway | ≤0.01 | 0.04 | 0.49 | 0.17 | NA | ≤0.01 | [108] | |
| Spain | ND | 361.57 | 21.37 | 45.94 | NA | 6.94 | [97] | |
| Tunisia | 33.6 | 149 | 29.2 | 31 | NA | NA | [96] | |
| Maize | Brazil | ≤0.01 | 0.31 | ≤0.01 | ≤0.01 | NA | 0.16 | [109] |
| Croatia | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.84 | [110] | |
| Denmark | ≤0.01 | ≤0.01 | 0.58 | 0.09 | NA | 0.09 | [111] | |
| Japan | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.03 | [112] | |
| Morocco | ND | 445 | 100 | 8 | NA | 59 | [107] | |
| Poland | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.73 | [95] | |
| Serbia | 0.02 | 0.03 | ≤0.01 | 0.02 | NA | 0.14 | [7] | |
| Slovakia | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 3 | [113] | |
| Spain | ND | 813.01 | 6.31 | 4.34 | NA | 9.31 | [97] | |
| Tunisia | ND | 29.6 | ND | 17 | NA | NA | [96] | |
| USA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.5 | [114] | |
| Oats | Finland | ≤0.01 | ≤0.01 | 0.02 | ≤0.01 | NA | 0.02 | [1] |
| Italy | ND | ≤0.01 | ≤0.01 | ND | 0.05 | ≤0.01 | [100] | |
| Norway | ≤0.01 | ≤0.01 | 0.05 | 0.02 | NA | 0.02 | [108] | |
| Rice | Iran | ND | ≤0.01 | ND | ND | ND | ≤0.01 | [115] |
| Spain | ND | 814.42 | 7.95 | ND | NA | 11.78 | [97] | |
| Rye | Finland | ND | ≤0.01 | 0.05 | ≤0.01 | NA | ND | [1] |
| Italy | ≤0.01 | ND | ≤0.01 | ND | ≤0.01 | ≤0.01 | [100] | |
| Sorghum | Tunisia | 95.6 | 480 | ND | 120.1 | NA | NA | [96] |
| Spelt wheat | Italy | ≤0.01 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | [100] |
| Wheat | Finland | 0.49 | 0.94 | 18.3 | 5.1 | NA | ≤0.01 | [1] |
| Italy | ≤0.01 | ≤0.01 | 0.02 | ≤0.01 | 0.04 | ≤0.01 | [100] | |
| Morocco | 0.08 | 0.13 | 2.57 | 0.35 | NA | 0.02 | [116] | |
| Morocco | 34 | 209 | 11 | 19 | NA | 4 | [107] | |
| Norway | ≤0.01 | 0.02 | 0.79 | 0.18 | NA | ≤0.01 | [108] | |
| Poland | 0.27 | 3.6 | 28.52 | 11.8 | NA | 0.02 | [57] | |
| Romania | 0.14 | 0.36 | 0.41 | 0.51 | NA | NA | [117] | |
| Spain | ND | 634.85 | ND | ND | NA | 3.5 | [97] | |
| Tunisia | 75.1 | 177.7 | 180.6 | 58.5 | NA | NA | [96] | |
| UK | 0.04 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.30 | NA | NA | [85] | |
| Breakfast cereals | Morocco | 29.7 | 688 | 81.1 | 795 | NA | 5.3 | [99] |
| Spain | ND | 268.54 | ND | ND | NA | 3.12 | [97] | |
| Tunisia | 121.3 | 480 | 295 | 120.1 | NA | NA | [96] | |
| Infant cereals | Morocco | ND | 52 | 5.7 | 14.5 | NA | 10.6 | [99] |
| Pasta | Italy | ≤0.01 | ≤0.01 | 0.11 | ≤0.01 | ≤0.01 | ND | [100] |
| Oat flour | Spain | ND | 388.38 | ND | ND | NA | 4.18 | [97] |
| Wheat flour | Japan | ≤0.01 | 0.03 | 0.63 | 0.09 | NA | ≤0.01 | [112] |
| Corn grits | Japan | ND | ND | ND | ND | NA | 0.03 | [112] |
| Bovine feed | Spain | ND | ≤0.01 | 0.04 | 0.02 | NA | 0.05 | [98] |
| Ovine feed | Spain | ND | ≤0.01 | 0.09 | 0.03 | NA | 0.13 | [98] |
| Caprine feed | Spain | ND | ≤0.01 | 0.02 | ≤0.01 | NA | 0.02 | [98] |
| Horses feed | Spain | ND | ≤0.01 | 0.04 | ≤0.01 | NA | 0.03 | [98] |
| Porcine feed | Finland | 0.31 | 0.55 | 1.51 | 1.85 | NA | 0.41 | [102] |
| Spain | ND | ≤0.01 | 0.06 | 0.02 | NA | ≤0.01 | [98] | |
| Poultry feed | Brazil | ND | ≤0.01 | ≤0.01 | ≤0.01 | NA | 0.02 | [109] |
| Spain | ND | ≤0.01 | 0.05 | 0.02 | NA | 0.02 | [98] | |
| UK | 0.04 | 0.03 | 2.19 | 0.40 | NA | 0.48 | [101] | |
| Rabbits feed | Spain | ND | ≤0.01 | 0.05 | 0.02 | NA | ≤0.01 | [98] |
| Dogs feed | Spain | ND | ≤0.01 | 0.02 | ≤0.01 | NA | 0.04 | [98] |
| Cats feed | Spain | ND | ND | ≤0.01 | ≤0.01 | NA | ND | [98] |
| Fish feed | Scotland/Norway/ Spain | ≤0.01 | ≤0.01 | 0.03 | ≤0.01 | NA | 0.08 | [103] |
“ND”—not detected; “NA”—not analyzed.