Table 2.
Summary of trends thought to promote/reduce risk or treat allergies for each of The Big Eight.
| Promote Risk | Reduce Risk | Therapies and Supplements | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cow milk | d General antibiotic use before and during pregnancy h [38] | a Increase in diversity h [39] | a,bBifidobacterium infantis CGMCC313-2, 5 × 1010 CFU/mL for 6 days m [53] |
| d Short-chain fatty acid m [3] | a Breastfeeding h [32] | cLactobacillus rhamnosus GG, 4.5 × 107–8.5 × 107 CFU/g of formula for 6 months h [42] | |
| eClostridium coccoidesh [45] | a,e Firmicutes h,m [39,42,43] | cLactobacillus rhamnosus GG, 1.4 × 107 CFU/100 mL of formula for 6–12 months [47] | |
| eAtopobiumh [45] | a,e Clostridia h,m [39,42,43] | ||
| eLachnospiraceaeh [42] | eOscillospirah [42] | aBifidobacterium breve M-16V, 2 × 109 colony forming unit (CFU)/g for 7 weeks m [52] | |
| eRuminococcaceaeh [42] | eRoseburiah [42] | ||
| eLactobacillih [4] | eBlautiah [42] | ||
| aAnaerostipes caccaeh,m [43] | a,eBacteroidesh,m [36] | ||
| a,eBifidobacteriumh,m [28,36] | eEnterobacteriah [4] | ||
| Hen’s egg | e Increase in diversity h [59] | eLeuconostocaceaeh [59] | aBifidobacterium longum, 5 × 109 CFU daily for 36 days m [62] |
| eLachnospiraceaeh [6,59] | a Clostridiales consortium, 5 × 107 CFU twice weekly for five weeks m [63] | ||
| eStreptococcaceaeh [59] | aSubdoligranulum variabile, 2.4 × 106 CFU twice weekly for five weeks m [63] | ||
| eLactobacillaceaem [6] | a Bacteroidales consortium 5 × 107 CFU twice weekly for five weeks m [63] | ||
| eRikenellaceaem [6] | aBifidobacterium bifidum, 0.2% lyophilized for 8 weeks m [61] | ||
| ePorphyromonadaceaem [6] | aLactobacillus casei, lyophilized for 8 weeks m [61] | ||
| dProteobacteria consortiumm [63] | aEscherichia coli lyophilized for 8 weeks m [61] | ||
| eRuminococcaceaeh [59] | a Clostridia via monocolonization m [64] | ||
| Peanut | cLactobacillus rhamnosus and peanut oral immunotherapy, 2 × 1010 CFU once daily with peanut protein for 18 months h [71] | ||
| cLactobacillus rhamnosus GG and peanut oral immunotherapy, 2 × 1010 CFU of L rhamnosus CGMCC 1.3724 and 2 g of peanut protein once daily for 18 months h [72] | |||
| a High-fiber diet and vitamin A for 2 weeks m [12] | |||
| a Direct feeding of acetate and butyrate for 3 weeks m [12] | |||
| a Clostridia via 2 oral gavages, once a week m [75] | |||
| Tree nuts | e Bacteroidales h [80] | e Clostridiales h [80] | |
| eBacteroides fragilish [80] | ePrevotellah [80] | ||
| e Bacteroidales h [80] | eRuminococcaceaeh [80] | ||
| Shellfish | eRalstoniam [87] | eDoream [87] | a,bBifidobacterium infantis, 107 CFU/mL for 20 days m [87] |
| bBifidobacterium lactis, 10 mL (1 × 106/mL) daily for 3 months h [88] | |||
| aBifidobacterium longum, 2 × 1010 CFU for 22 days m [89] | |||
| aBacillus coagulans 2 × 1010 CFU for 22 days m [89] | |||
| Finfish | |||
| Wheat | No data present | ||
| Soy | |||
a Prevention of sensitization. b Therapeutic during allergic reaction. c Increased oral tolerance. d Worsened Sensitization. e Bacteria found in the gut of either FA or health individuals. Mouse study m. Human study h. Colony forming unit (CFU).