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. 2020 Dec 3;9(12):1225. doi: 10.3390/antiox9121225

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic representation of the general polyphenol biosynthetic pathway, with the main classes of polyphenols. PAL, Phenylalanine ammonia lyase; C4H, cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase; C3H, p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase; HCT, hydroxycinnamoyl CoA shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase; HQT, hydroxycinnamoyl CoA quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase; 4CL, 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase; STS, stilbene synthase; CHS, chalcone synthase; CHI, chalcone isomerase; IFS, isoflavone synthase; FNS, flavone synthase; F3H, flavanone-3-hydroxylase; FLS, flavonol synthase; DFR, dihydroflavonol reductase; LAR, leucoanthocyanidin reductase; ANS, anthocyanidin synthase; ARS, anthocyanidin reductase; GTs, glycosyltransferases.