Table 2.
Examples of in vitro and in vivo studies used to evaluate polyphenols antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities at intestinal level.
| Plant Sources and Class of Polyphenols | In Vitro/In Vivo Model | Type of Administration/ Treatment |
Biological Activity | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| White grape skin (phenolic acids, proanthocyanidin, catechin, quercetin) |
HT-29 cells | Methanolic extract | Restored stress-related GSH reduction by polyphenols in intestinal cells | [84] |
| Apple (catechins, chlorogenic acid) | MKN 28 cells; Male Wistar rats |
Methanolic extract; polyphenol administration by drinking water or gavage |
Prevention of oxidative injury in gastric epithelial cells and gastric mucosa | [85] |
| Apple (flavonoids, phenolic acids) | HT-29 cells; CaCo-2 cells | Cider, apple juice | High preventive antioxidant capacity, decreased cellular reactive oxygen species, reduced oxidative cell damage | [86] |
| Grape pomace (phenolic acids, procyanidins) | IPEC-1 cells; TOPIG hybrid pigs | Aqueous extract; dietary administration of grape pomace | Decrease of lipid peroxidation in duodenum and colon and increase of the total antioxidant status | [87] |
| Pomegranate (ellagitannins) | Liposome model (large unilamellar vesicles, LUVs) | Pomegranate juice | Inhibition of the lipid peroxidation | [88] |
| Blueberries (anthocyanins) | CaCo-2 cells | Methanolic extracts | Reduced cellular oxidative stress | [89] |
| Red wine (tannins; anthocyanins) | HT-29 cells | Extract from red wine | Reduced iNOS and COX-2 levels, modulation of the NFkB signaling pathway | [90] |
| Grapeseeds (flavonoids) | CaCo-2 cells | Ethanolic extract | Reduced NfKB transactivation and TNFα transcripts levels | [91] |
| Dried peel of apple (flavonols, catechins, procyanidins) |
CaCo-2/15 cells | Crude extract and purified polyphenolic fraction | TNFα, IL6, E2 prostaglandin, COX2, NFkB down-regulation | [92] |
| Purple engineered tomato (flavonoids, anthocyanins) | CEC cells | Methanolic extracts | Inhibition of the pro-inflammatory cytokines | [93] |
| Green tea (polyphenols) | BALB/c mice with DSS-induced colitis | Dietary administration in chow diet | Reduction of TNFα and GSH levels | [94] |
| Strawberries (anthocyanins) |
Wistar rats with ethanol-induced gastric lesions | Oral administration of raw extract | Reduction of the ulcerative index; reduction of the gastric lipid peroxidation | [95] |
| Apple polyphenols | C57/BL6 mice with DSS-induced colitis | Administration of polyphenol mix in drinking water or oral gavage | Reduced levels of mediators of inflammation (TNFα, IFNγ, IL1β, IL6, IL17, IL22) | [96] |
| Green tea polyphenols (epigallocatechin-3-gallate) | C57/BL6 mice with DSS-induced colitis | Administration of polyphenol mix via oral gavage | Reduction of tissue damage and neutrophiles accumulation; increased levels of antioxidant enzymes | [97] |
| Grape juice | Wistar rats with TNBS-induced colitis | Administration in drinking water | Reduced inflammatory activity | [98] |
| Grape pomace | Wistar rats with DSS-induced colitis | Administration in chow diet | Reduced tissue damage and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels | [99] |
| Cocoa polyphenols | BALB/c mice with DSS-induced colitis | Administration in chow diet | Reduction of tumoral incidence, partially limited activation of the IL-6/STAT3 pathway | [100] |
| Bronze engineered tomato (flavonols, anthocyanins, stilbenes) | C57/BL6 mice with DSS-induced colitis | Administration in chow diet | Reduced inflammatory symptoms; beneficial changes in gut microbiota composition, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines levels | [73] |
| Red and white grape skin (flavonols, anthocyanins, stilbenes) | C57/BL6 mice with DSS-induced colitis | Administration in chow diet | Reduced inflammatory symptoms; reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines levels | [73] |
| Bronze engineered tomato (flavonols, anthocyanins, stilbenes) | Winnie mice spontaneously developing colitis | Administration in chow diet | Changes in gut microbiota composition; reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines levels | [74] |