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. 2020 Dec 3;12(12):1385. doi: 10.3390/v12121385

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Schematic representation of the HIV-1 5′-long terminal repeat (5′LTR) promoter. (A) The 5′LTR can be divided into four functional domains: the modulatory region (from nt −455 to nt −104), the enhancer (from nt −109 to nt −79), the core promoter (from nt −78 to nt −1), and the leader region (from nt +1 to nt +188). (B) These functional domains contain numerous cis-regulatory elements specific to various host cellular factors. The transcriptional start site (TSS) is located at the junction between the U3 and R regions. (C) The HIV-1 5′LTR harbours a specific nucleosomal chromatin organization. Under latency conditions, two major DNaseI hypersensitive sites (HS), named HSII (from nt −234 to nt −132) and HSIII (from nt −67 to nt −7), are framed by two nucleosomes, nuc-0 and nuc-1. The nucleosome nuc-1 is located downstream of the TSS and plays a critical role in HIV-1 transcription regulation.