Table 1.
The zone of inhibition (cm) of honey bee (A) and stingless bee (S) honey samples (100% v/v) against pathogenic bacteria.
| Sample |
S. aureus (ATCC 25923) * |
S. aureus (ATCC 33591) |
E. coli (ATCC 25922) *^ |
E. coli (ATCC 35218) *^ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1 | Nil | Nil | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0 |
| A2 | Nil | Nil | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0 |
| A3 | Nil | Nil | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0 |
| A4 | 0.8 ± 0 | Nil | 0.9 ± 0 | 0.8 ± 0 |
| A5 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0 | 0.9 ± 0 | 0.8 ± 0 |
| A6 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0 |
| A7 | Nil | Nil | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0 |
| A8 | Nil | Nil | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 |
| A9 | Nil | Nil | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 |
| A10 | Nil | Nil | 0.7 ± 0 | 0.7 ± 0 |
| A11 | Nil | Nil | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 |
| A12 | Nil | Nil | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 |
| A13 | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil |
| A14 | Nil | Nil | Nil | Nil |
| A15 | Nil | Nil | Nil | 0.8 ± 0.1 |
| A16 | Nil | Nil | 0.8 ± 0.1 | Nil |
| A17 | Nil | Nil | 0.8 ± 0.1 | Nil |
| A18 | Nil | Nil | 0.8 ± 0 | Nil |
| A19 | Nil | Nil | 0.7 ± 0 | Nil |
| A20 | Nil | Nil | 0.8 ± 0 | Nil |
| A21 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0 | 1.0 ± 0 | 0.8 ± 0.1 |
| A22 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | Nil | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 |
| A23 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0 |
| Average | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 |
|
A. cerana honeydew (A1–A9) |
0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 |
|
A. cerana blossom (A10–A23) |
0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0 |
| S1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.1 |
| S2 | 1.1 ± 0 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 |
| S3 | 1.1 ± 0 | 0.9 ± 0 | 1.6 ± 0 | 1.3 ± 0.1 |
| S4 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0 |
| S5 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0 |
| S6 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0 |
| S7 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0 |
| S8 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0 | 1.0 ± 0 | 1.1 ± 0 |
| S9 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0 | 0.9 ± 0 |
| S10 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 |
| S11 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0 |
| S12 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0 |
| S13 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 |
| S14 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.2 |
| S15 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 |
| S16 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0 |
| S17 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0 |
| S18 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 |
| S19 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0 |
| S20 | 0.9 ± 0 | 0.9 ± 0 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 |
| S21 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0 | 0.8 ± 0.1 |
| S22 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 |
| S23 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0 |
| Average | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.2 |
|
H. itama honeydew (S1–S8) |
1.1 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.2 |
|
H. itama blossom (S9–S16) |
0.8 ± 0.1 a | 0.8 ± 0 a | 1.0 ± 0.1 a | 0.8 ± 0.1 a |
|
G. thoracica blossom (S17–S23) |
1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 b |
Nil—No zone of inhibition. *—Significant different between honey bee honey and stingless bee honey at p < 0.05. ^—The zone of inhibition exhibited on E. coli was significantly larger than S. aureus at p < 0.05. a—Significant different with H. itama honeydew honey at p < 0.05. b—Significant different with H. itama honeydew honey at p < 0.05.