Table 5.
Expression of retargeted measles virus receptors in normal and malignant cells.
| Receptor Name | Alternative Name | Expression | |
|---|---|---|---|
| In Malignancies | In Normal Cells and Tissues | ||
| CEA glyco-proteins |
Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules | High or moderate in gastric, colorectal, lung ovarian, breast, and cervical cancers [84] | Different subfamily members expressed to different degrees in hematopoietic cells, glandular cells of colon, etc. [14,15,16] |
| CD133 | Prominin-1 (PROM1) | High in leukemias [85], gliomas [86,87], colorectal, prostate, endometrial, pancreatic and thyroid cancers [14,15,16], and non-small cell lung cancers [88]. Levels in gliomas [87] and non-small cell lung cancers [88] are negatively correlated with patient survival [87] |
High in glandular cells of gall bladder, endometrium, cervix and uterus [14,15,16]. Also expressed on the surfaces of hematopoietic stem cells [89], epithelial progenitor cells [90], and neural and glial stem cells [86] |
| CD20 | MS4A1, B1, Bp35, CVID5, LEU-16, MS4A2, S7, membrane spanning 4-domains A1 | Frequently high in B-cell lymphomas [91], B-cell leukemias [92], and melanoma stem cells [93]. Less frequent in Hodgkin’s lymphoma [94], myeloma [95], and thymoma [96] | Low and moderate expression in white and red pulp in spleen, hematopoietic cells of bone marrow, lymphoid tissues of appendix. and other tissues [14,15,16] |
| CD38 | Cyclic ADP ribose hydrolase | High in chronic lymphocytic leukemia [97,98] in NK/T-cell lymphomas [99], and in multiple myeloma [100] | High in large spectrum of immune cells as well as glandular cells of prostate and seminal vesicles [14,15,16] |
| Epidermal growth factor receptor 1 (EGFR1) | ErbB 1, HER1 | Particular high in gliomas, high in renal, urothelial, lung, liver, and many other cancers [14,15,16] | Low levels in a number of normal tissues but high levels in trophoblastic cells of placenta [14,15,16] |
| Epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (EGFR2) | Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase, ErbB-2, HER2/neu, ERBB2, CD340 | Frequently highly overexpressed in malignancies including breast [101], stomach [102], endometrial [103,104], ovarian, uterine [105] colorectal [106], thyroid [107], urothelial [108] | Medium levels in glandular cells of appendix, breast, and cervix, myocytes, respiratory epithelium, and urothelial cells [14,15,16] |
| Insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) | IGF-1 receptor | High in lymphomas, thyroid, liver, pancreatic, and many other cancers [14,15,16] | Low level of expression in bone marrow hematopoietic cells, respiratory cells, and glandular cells of gallbladder [14,15,16] |
| Folate receptor 1 (FOLR1) |
Folate receptor alpha, Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII), and folate hydrolase 1 |
High in ovarian cancers [14,15,16]; particularly strong and frequent expression of mRNA observed in non-mucinous ovarian cancers [109] | Medium levels in brain, lung, and salivary gland tissues [14,15,16] |
| Prostate specific membrane antigen, (PSMA) | High expression in malignant prostate cells [110] | High expression in prostate tissues [110] | |
| Urokinase receptor | UPA, UPAR, CD87, PLAUR | Infrequently expressed in malignant cells [14,15,16] | High in bone marrow, lymphoid tissues, neutrophils, and respiratory epithelial cells of the nasopharynx and bronchus |