. 2020 Dec 7;10(12):500. doi: 10.3390/metabo10120500

Table 2.

Responses to Caulerpa lentillifera.

Variables	C	CCL	H	HCL	p Value
Variables	C	CCL	H	HCL	Diet	Treatment	Interaction
Physiological Variables
0 week body weight, g	337 ± 1	339 ± 1	338 ± 1	337 ± 1	0.6196	0.6196	0.1408
8 week body weight, g	364 ± 12 ^b	358 ± 6 ^b	439 ± 9 ^a	440 ± 8 ^a	<0.0001	0.7828	0.6997
16 week body weight, g	411 ± 14 ^c	389 ± 6 ^c	573 ± 10 ^a	468 ± 10 ^b	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.0002
16 week lean mass, g	316 ± 7	314 ± 5	303 ± 14	303 ± 9	0.2069	0.9155	0.9155
16 week fat mass, g	80 ± 9 ^c	57 ± 4 ^d	258 ± 28 ^a	148 ± 14 ^b	<0.0001	0.0002	0.0111
8 week lean/fat mass proportion	5.9 ± 0.7 ^b	10.7 ± 2.6 ^a	2.6 ± 0.2 ^c	3.2 ± 1.2 ^c	0.0007	0.0744	0.1622
16 week lean/fat mass proportion	4.2 ± 0.5 ^b	6.0 ± 0.7 ^a	1.3 ± 0.2 ^d	2.3 ± 0.4 ^c	<0.0001	0.0060	0.4137
16 week bone mineral content, g	11.9 ± 0.4 ^c	11.4 ± 0.2 ^c	17.7 ± 1.1 ^a	14.3 ± 0.5 ^b	<0.0001	0.0014	0.0139
16 week bone mineral density, g/cm²	0.184 ± 0.004 ^b	0.171 ± 0.003 ^c	0.191 ± 0.005 ^a	0.183 ± 0.004 ^b	0.0309	0.0179	0.5565
Food intake 0–8 weeks, g/day	37.5 ± 1.4 ^a	37.6 ± 0.4 ^a	27.8 ± 1.7 ^b	25.9 ± 0.7 ^b	<0.0001	0.4469	0.3984
Food intake 9–16 weeks, g/day	39.7 ± 2.2 ^a	37.5 ± 0.9 ^a	29.3 ± 2.5 ^b	19.3 ± 1.0 ^c	<0.0001	0.0015	0.0353
Water intake 0–8 weeks, g/day	33.4 ± 2.8	30.2 ± 1.7	31.4 ± 3.1	29.1 ± 0.7	0.5005	0.2346	0.8446
Water intake 9–16 weeks, g/day	25.9 ± 3.3 ^b	52.6 ± 2.0 ^a	29.8 ± 2.1 ^b	50.8 ± 1.2 ^a	0.6470	<0.0001	0.2173
Energy intake 0–8 weeks, kJ/day	421 ± 16 ^b	422 ± 4 ^b	603 ± 34 ^a	598 ± 25 ^a	<0.0001	0.9301	0.8953
Energy intake 9–16 weeks, kJ/day	447 ± 24 ^b	416 ± 10 ^b	620 ± 46 ^a	551 ± 21 ^a	<0.0001	0.0856	0.5074
16 week abdominal circumference, cm	19.0 ± 0.4 ^c	18.4 ± 0.2 ^c	23.4 ± 0.4 ^a	21.1 ± 0.3 ^b	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.0149
Body mass index, g/cm²	0.67 ± 0.02 ^b	0.63 ± 0.01 ^b	0.77 ± 0.02 ^a	0.69 ± 0.01 ^b	<0.0001	0.0004	0.2126
Retroperitoneal fat, mg/mm	231 ± 15 ^c	178 ± 13 ^d	628 ± 68 ^a	398 ± 37 ^b	<0.0001	0.0010	0.0320
Epididymal fat, mg/mm	69 ± 6 ^c	41 ± 4 ^d	182 ± 32 ^a	134 ± 16 ^b	<0.0001	0.0432	0.5865
Omental fat, mg/mm	149 ± 14 ^c	134 ± 7 ^c	325 ± 39 ^a	229 ± 31 ^b	<0.0001	0.0392	0.1280
Total abdominal fat, mg/mm	450 ± 27 ^c	353 ± 21 ^d	1136 ± 135 ^a	761 ± 77 ^b	<0.0001	0.0049	0.0876
Visceral adiposity, %	5.1 ± 0.2 ^c	4.3 ± 0.2 ^d	9.8 ± 0.8 ^a	7.7 ± 0.7 ^b	<0.0001	0.0115	0.2436
Liver wet weight, mg/mm	235 ± 11 ^b	250 ± 6 ^b	403 ± 18 ^a	379 ± 13 ^a	<0.0001	0.7258	0.1332
Cardiovascular Variables
8 week systolic blood pressure, mmHg	118 ± 6	120 ± 2	131 ± 2	126 ± 3	0.0083	0.6597	0.3075
16 week systolic blood pressure, mmHg	119 ± 3 ^b	117 ± 4 ^b	135 ± 3 ^a	118 ± 3 ^b	0.0356	0.0198	0.0617
Left ventricle + septum wet weight, mg/mm	21.5 ± 1.5 ^b	21.4 ± 1.1 ^b	25.8 ± 2.0 ^a	22.5 ± 0.4 ^b	0.0314	0.1661	0.1917
Right ventricle, mg/mm	4.2 ± 0.7	4.7 ± 0.3	4.5 ± 0.2	4.7 ± 0.3	0.7057	0.3805	0.7057
Left ventricular diastolic stiffness (κ)	21.1 ± 1.5 ^c	22.1 ± 1.2 ^c	30.2 ± 0.6 ^a	27.1 ± 0.8 ^b	<0.0001	0.3375	0.0649
Left ventricle collagen area, %	7.8 ± 0.7 ^c	9.1 ± 1.2 ^c	29.4 ± 2.2 ^a	22.1 ± 2.8 ^b	<0.0001	0.2748	0.1482
Metabolic Variables
Plasma total cholesterol, mmol/L	1.59 ± 0.06 ^b	1.54 ± 0.05 ^b	1.73 ± 0.09 ^a	1.56 ± 0.06 ^b	0.2368	0.1063	0.3733
HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L	0.93 ± 0.14 ^a	1.11 ± 0.07 ^a	0.95 ± 0.09 ^a	0.70 ± 0.05 ^b	0.0268	<0.0001	<0.0001
LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L	0.55 ± 0.14	0.80 ± 0.32	0.92 ± 0.08	0.61 ± 0.07	0.7120	0.9020	0.2551
Plasma triglycerides, mmol/L	0.50 ± 0.05 ^b	0.64 ± 0.10 ^b	1.15 ± 0.13 ^a	1.12 ± 0.18 ^a	<0.0001	0.6603	0.4977
Plasma non-esterified fatty acids, mmol/L	0.68 ± 0.12 ^c	0.47 ± 0.04 ^d	2.71 ± 0.29 ^a	1.61 ± 0.49 ^b	<0.0001	0.0298	0.1342
Alanine transaminase, U/L	39 ± 5	39 ± 6	50 ± 11	62 ± 12	0.0663	0.5098	0.5098
Aspartate transaminase, U/L	138 ± 20	163 ± 14	174 ± 17	220 ± 45	0.0917	0.1949	0.6989
Liver inflammatory cells, cells/200µm²	12 ± 2	13 ± 2	28 ± 2	21 ± 3	0.0001	0.2859	0.1576
Liver fat vacuoles area, µm²	11.2 ± 1.9 ^c	9.2 ± 1.4 ^c	84.5 ± 2.6 ^a	45.5 ± 3.1 ^b	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
0 week basal blood glucose, mmol/L	2.8 ± 0.1	2.8 ± 0.1	2.9 ± 0.1	2.8 ± 0.1	0.6196	0.6196	0.6196
0 week area under the curve, mmol/L × min	648 ± 31	641 ± 19	620 ± 44	633 ± 19	0.5526	0.9210	0.7411
8 week basal blood glucose, mmol/L	2.5 ± 0.2	2.5 ± 0.1	3.2 ± 0.1	3.4 ± 0.2	<0.0001	0.5304	0.5304
8 week 120 min blood glucose, mmol/L	4.0 ± 0.1	3.7 ± 0.1	4.8 ± 0.4	5.3 ± 0.1	<0.0001	0.6486	0.0732
8 week area under the curve, mmol/L × min	526 ± 24	566 ± 15	613 ± 23	688 ± 14	<0.0001	0.0052	0.3751
16 week basal blood glucose, mmol/L	2.9 ± 0.2	2.4 ± 0.1	2.8 ± 0.2	2.8 ± 0.1	0.3480	0.1210	0.1210
16 week 120 min blood glucose, mmol/L	3.4 ± 0.1	3.3 ± 0.1	4.7 ± 0.3	4.5 ± 0.1	<0.0001	0.3912	0.7742
16 week area under the curve, mmol/L × mins	478 ± 17	472 ± 11	563 ± 16	571 ± 9	<0.0001	0.9505	0.6643
Insulin Tolerance Test
8 week 120 min blood glucose, mmol/L	3.3 ± 0.9	2.7 ± 0.5	3.0 ± 0.4	4.3 ± 0.2	0.2531	0.5361	0.0976
8 week area under the curve, mmol/L × min	147 ± 45	144 ± 22	353 ± 40	441 ± 20	<0.0001	0.2122	0.1823
16 week 120 min blood glucose, mmol/L	1.1 ± 0.4	2.3 ± 0.5	3.6 ± 0.3	3.4 ± 0.3	<0.0001	0.1997	0.0752
16 week area under the curve, mmol/L × min	111 ± 11	207 ± 28	356 ± 36	332 ± 28	<0.0001	0.1944	0.0334

Values are presented as the mean ± SEM, n = 10–12. Means in a row with superscripts without a common letter differ (a, b, c or d), p < 0.05. C, corn starch diet-fed rats; CCL, corn starch diet-fed rats supplemented with Caulerpa lentillifera; H, high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-fed rats; HCL, high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet-fed rats supplemented with Caulerpa lentillifera.