Table 1.
Biomarkers for HCC diagnosis.
| Biomarker | Samples | Type of Cohort | Sample Size | AUROC or Positive Rate (%) | Sensitivity (%) (95%CI) | Specificity (%) (95%CI) | Cutoff Value | Limitation | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFP | serum | prospective | 689 | 0.77 | 62 (48–76) | 87 (82–92) | 5 ng/mL | Modest accuracy | [24] |
| AFP-L3 | serum | prospective | 689 | 0.73 | 55 (40–69) | 90 (85–94) | 4.0% | Modest accuracy | [24] |
| GPC-3 | tissue | Variation among tests | |||||||
| mRNA | retrospective | 52–105 | 55.7–100 | NA | NA | NA | [45] | ||
| protein | 107–757 | 63.6–91 | NA | NA | NA | [51] | |||
| GPC-3 | serum | retrospective | 60–625 | 31.6–95 | NA | NA | [40,45] | ||
| DCP | serum | retrospective | 689 | 0.71 | 48 (33–64) | 86 (80–91) | NA | Modest accuracy | [24] |
| AFU | serum | retrospective | 512 | 0.68 | 56.1 (NA) | 69.2 (NA) | 24 U/I | Low accuracy | [46] |
| GP73 | serum | retrospective | 60–4217 | 0.73–0.94 | 72.4–74.6 | 61.5–97.4 | different cutoff | Modest accuracy | [50,51,52] |
| SCCA | serum | meta-analysis | 12 studies | 0.53–0.9 | 12–84 | 48–100 | different cutoff | Low accuracy | [53,54] |
| SCCA-IgM | serum | meta-analysis | 12 studies | 0.66–0.86 | 51–89 | 48–78 | different cutoff | Low accuracy | [53,54,55] |
NA: not available.