Table 2.
Group studies involving patients with transient epileptic amnesia (TEA). Ordered in descending number of TEA patients involved. Information that was lacking or is not applicable is presented as blank cells. AEDs—antiepileptic drugs, GKMDT—Graham–Kendall Memory for Designs test, M/F—male/female, RAVLT—Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, ROCF—Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure, SD—standard deviation, WMS-III-LM—Wechsler Memory Scale-Third Edition-Logical Memory.
| Reference | Epilepsy Type | Controls (M/F) | Patients (M/F) | Patient Age (SD) | AEDs | Experiences Seizures? Mean, SD if Indicated | Material | ALF Detected? | Delay Points | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Savage, Butler, Milton, Han, & Zeman, 2017 [43] | TEA | 38/12 | 42/13 | 70.59 (8.14) | Yes, mean number of attacks 17.85 (18.05) | RAVLT | Yes | 30 min, 1 week | Olfactory hallucination and reduction in olfactory function more frequent in TEA. | |
| Mosbah et al., 2014 [44] | TEA | 15 | 18/12 | 1 no AEDs 24 on monotherapy 5 on polytherapy | Yes | WMS-III-LM ROCF Single items recognition | Yes (WMS-III-LM, ROCF) | 1 h, 6 weeks | Neurometabolic correlates for ALF in the medial temporal lobe. | |
| Hoefeijzers, Zeman, Della Sala, & Dewar, 2019 [45] | TEA | 14/18 | 20/7 | 66.44 (9.48) | 27 on monotherapy | No (past 6 months) | Incidental story recall and recognition | Yes | 30 min, 1 week | |
| Butler et al., 2007 [46] | TEA | 24 | 34/16 (24 tested for ALF) | 68 (8.7) | Yes, 48 on monotherapy | No (between sessions) | RAVLT GKMDT | Yes (both tests) | 30 min, 1 week, 3 weeks | |
| Butler et al., 2013 [47] | TEA | 20 | 28/13 (22 tested for ALF) | 67.7 (8.9) | Yes, on monotherapy | No (past 6 months) | Word, prose, and design recall | Yes | 30 min, 1 week, 3 weeks | No significant structural MRI correlates with ALF |
| Butler et al., 2009 [48] | TEA | 20 | 28/13 (22 tested for ALF) | 67.7 (8.9) | Yes, on monotherapy | No (past 6 months) | Word, prose, and design recall | Yes | 30 min, 1 week, 3 weeks | Bilateral hippocampal volumes smaller in patients |
| Dewar, Hoefeijzers, Zeman, Butler, & Della Sala, 2015 [49] | TEA | 8/8 | 12/4 | 69.63 (6.33) | Yes, on monotherapy | No (past 6 months) | Picture recognition test | No | 5 min, 2.5 h, 7.5 h, 24 h, 1 week | In TEA patients, picture recognition impaired after 5 min with no acceleration in rate afterwards |
| Butler, Kapur, Zeman, Weller, & Connelly, 2012 [50] | TEA | 8/12 | 12/10 | 66.4 (8.8) | Yes | No (during study) | RAVLT | Yes | 30 min, 1 week | Hippocampal volumetry not related to ALF |
| Hoefeijzers, Dewar, Della Sala, Zeman, & Butler, 2013 [51] | TEA | 7/11 | 9/8 | 65.47 (8.79) | Yes, on monotherapy | No (past 6 months) | Word recall (reanalysis of Butler et al., 2007 [46]) | Yes | 30 min, 1 week, 3 weeks | Support for ALF as a consolidation issue |
| Atherton, Filippini, Zeman, Nobre, & Butler, 2019 [52] | TEA | 10/5 | 12/3 | 67.73 (1.63) | Yes, on monotherapy | No (past 6 months) | Digital image recognition RAVLT | Yes (RAVLT) | 30 min, 1 week | Significant fMRI results (hypoactive left hippocampus prior forgetting) |
| Savage et al., 2019 [53] | TEA | 7/5 | 9/5 | 78.3 (7.0) | 1 no AEDs 13 on monotherapy | At T2: No (stable): 9 Yes: 5 | RAVLT Story recall GKMDT | Yes (story recall, GKMDT) | 30 min, 1 week | 10-year follow-up (4 converters ALF to no ALF, but 0 converters from no ALF to ALF) |
| Hoefeijzers, Dewar, Sala, Butler, & Zeman, 2015 [54] | TEA | 8/8 | 10/1 | 69.82 (5.60) | Yes, on monotherapy | No (past 6 months) | 4 Word Lists, recall and recognition | Yes | 30 min, 3 h, 8 h, 24 h, 1 week | Evidence of ALF from 3 to 8 h post-learning |
| Atherton, Nobre, Zeman, & Butler, 2014 [55] and Atherton et al., 2016 [56] | TEA | 7/5 | 10/1 | 67.73 (1.63) | Yes, on monotherapy | No (past 6 months) | Word pairs association | Yes | 30 min, 12 h | Sleep promotes memory retention in ALF |
| Muhlert, Milton, Butler, Kapur, & Zeman, 2010 [57] | TEA | 1/10 | 10/1 | 68.6 (9.9) | Yes, on monotherapy | No (past 4 months) | Word recall Real-life event SenseCam test | Yes (both tests) | 30 min, 1 day, 1 week, 3 weeks | |
| Manes, Graham, Zeman, De Luján Calcagno, & Hodges, 2005 [58] | TEA | 7 | 6/1 | 57 (8.1) | Yes, on monotherapy | No | Story recall and recognition Drawing recall and recognition | Yes (story tests) | 30 min, 6 weeks |