Table 2.

Summary of the fabrication processes for intestinal 3D scaffolds. CVD: chemical vapor deposition and pHEMA: poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate). PED-GA: poly(ethylene) glycol diacrylate, PDMS: polydimethylsiloxane, PMMA: polymethyl methacrylate, PLGA: poly-lactic-glycolic acid and HUVEC: human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

Materials	Technology for Mold Creation	Scaffold	Dimensions	Cell Culture	Ref.
CVD pHEMA	CVD reactor	crypts-villi	pig small intestinal tissue	Caco-2	[92]
40% PEG-DA 700 + 30% acrylic acid + 250-μg/mL fibronectin + 0.1% Irgacure 819	stereolithography	crypts-villi	Villi: 500 μm in height, 150 μm in diameter at the top and 300 μm at the bottom. Crypt: 200 μm in deep, 50 μm in diameter	SW80, Caco-2	[87]
epoxy/PDMS/collagen	spin-coating and photolithography	crypts-villi	Villi: 477 µm in height, 170 µm in diameter Crypt: 132 µm in depth, 60 µm in diameter Total height of crypt/villus 609 µm	Human primary colonic cells	[93]
PMMA/PDMS/alginate/collagen	CO2 laser system	villi	565 µm in height	Caco-2	[90]
PMMA/PDMS/alginate/collagen or PEG-DA	laser ablation	villi	500 µm in height	Caco-2	[88]
PMMA/PDMS/alginate/PLGA-porogen	laser ablation	villi	500 µm in height	Caco-2 + bacteria	[91]
PMMA/PDMS/alginate/PLGA-porogen	laser ablation	Villi	500 µm in height	Caco-2 + mice primary colonic cells	[89]
two collagen-based bioink-laden	bioprinting	villi	183 ± 12 μm in diameter and 770 ± 42 μm in height	Caco-2 + HUVECs	[94]
epoxy/PDMS/collagen	spin-coating and photolithography	crypts	430 µm in deep, 125 µm in diameter at the top, 200 µm spacing	human primary colonic cells	[86]
Sukhoi SU-8/PDMS + fibronectin	photolithography	crypts	50, 100, and 500 µm in diameter, 50 µm spacing, 120 µm in depth	Caco-2	[85]
Matrigel/Collagen type I	Laser ablation	crypts	75 µm in diameter at the top, 50 µm in diameter at the bottom, 170 µm in depth	Mouse and human primary intestinal stem cells	[95]