Table 3.
Summary of sample preparations and instruments used to determine the Young modulus (YM) in normal and inflamed or cancerous colons and intestines. AFM: atomic force microscopy.
| Organ | n | Sample Preparation | YM (kPa) | Instrument | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal colon | 3 | Cryo-sectioned samples section, measurement on collagen-rich strictures. | mean 0.8 ± 0.4 | AFM | [104] |
| Colon carcinoma | 3 | mean 2.4 ± 1.83 (0.9–4.4) | |||
| Normal colon | 106 | Fresh sections longitudinally opened with mucosal side upward. | median 0.936 (0.374–7.33) | Tactile sensor | [105] |
| Colon carcinoma | 106 | median 7.51 (1.08–68) | |||
| Unaffected colon | 13 from 1 patient | Stored in ice, tested within 4 h of isolation. Opened with mucosa upward. | mean 0.698 ± 0.463 | Custom-built multiscale indenter | [64] |
| Inflamed colon | 31 from 3 patients | mean 1.143 ± 0.488 | |||
| Unaffected ileum | 21 from 5 patients | mean 0.641 ± 0.342 | |||
| Inflamed ileum | 12 from 4 patients | mean 0.991 ± 0.379 | |||
| Unaffected small intestine | 11 | Fresh 1-cm2 section. | median 2.6 | Microelastometer | [63] |
| Crohn’s Disease | 11 | median 16.7 |