Table 1.
Vitamin C status of patients with pneumonia, sepsis and severe COVID-19.
| Study Type | Cohort | Vitamin C (µmol/L) (% Deficient, % Hypovitaminosis C) |
Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pneumonia | |||
| Case control | Healthy volunteers (n = 50) | 56 ± 2 a (0% b, 8% c) | [24] |
| Community-acquired pneumonia (n = 50) | 23 ± 3 (22%, 62%) | ||
| Case control | Healthy volunteers (n = 20) | 66 ± 3 | [25] |
| Pneumonia cases (n = 11) | 31 ± 9 | ||
| Case control | Healthy participants (n = 28) | 49 ± 1 | [26] |
| Lobular pneumonia (n = 35): | |||
| Acute—did not survive (n = 7) | 17 ± 1 | ||
| Acute—survived (n = 15) | 24 ± 1 | ||
| Convalescent cases (n = 13) | 34 ± 1 | ||
| Intervention (placebo group) | Pneumonia/bronchitis (n = 29): | [18] | |
| Week 0 | 24 ± 5 (40%) b | ||
| Week 2 | 19 ± 3 (37%) | ||
| Week 4 | 24 ± 6 (25%) | ||
| Intervention (control group) | Pneumonia cases (n = 70): | [27] | |
| Day 0 | 41 | ||
| Day 5–10 | 23–24 | ||
| Day 15–20 | 32–35 | ||
| Day 30 | 39 | ||
| Sepsis | |||
| Intervention (baseline) | Sepsis with ARDS (n = 83): | [28] | |
| Day 0 | 22 (11–37) d | ||
| Day 2 | 23 (9–37) | ||
| Day 4 | 26 (9–41) | ||
| Day 7 | 29 (12–39) | ||
| Observational | Septic shock patients (n = 24) | 15 ± 2 (38% b, 88% c) | [29] |
| Intervention (baseline) | Severe sepsis patients (n = 24) | 18 ± 2 | [30] |
| Case control | Healthy controls (n = 6) | 48 ± 6 | [31] |
| Severe sepsis (n = 19) | 14 ± 3 | ||
| Septic shock (n = 37) | 14 ± 3 | ||
| Case control | Healthy controls (n = 14) | 76 ± 6 | [32] |
| Septic encephalopathy (n = 11) | 19 ± 11 | ||
| Case control | Healthy controls (n = 34) | 62 (55–72) d | [33] |
| ICU (injury, surgery, sepsis) (n = 62) | 11 (8–22) | ||
| Severe COVID-19 | |||
| Observational | Critically ill COVID-19 (n = 21) | 22 ± 4 (45%b, 70% c) e | [34] |
| Survivors (n = 11) | 29 ± 7 (40%, 50%) | ||
| Non-survivors (n = 10) | 15 ± 2 (50%, 90%) | ||
| Observational | COVID-associated ARDS (n = 18) | 17 with <9 µmol/L | [35] |
| 1 with 14 µmol/L |
a—Data represent mean and SEM; d—median (and interquartile range); b—Percentage of patients with vitamin C deficiency (<11 µmol/L); c—Percentage of patients with hypovitaminosis C (<23 µmol/L); e—Personal communication (Cristian Arvinte, North Suburban Medical Center, Thornton, CO, USA). COVID—coronavirus disease; ICU—intensive care unit; ARDS—acute respiratory distress syndrome. A part of this table has been reproduced from [36].